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# oracle/base.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""
.. dialect:: oracle
:name: Oracle
Oracle version 8 through current (11g at the time of this writing) are supported.
Connect Arguments
-----------------
The dialect supports several :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` arguments which
affect the behavior of the dialect regardless of driver in use.
* ``use_ansi`` - Use ANSI JOIN constructs (see the section on Oracle 8). Defaults
to ``True``. If ``False``, Oracle-8 compatible constructs are used for joins.
* ``optimize_limits`` - defaults to ``False``. see the section on LIMIT/OFFSET.
* ``use_binds_for_limits`` - defaults to ``True``. see the section on LIMIT/OFFSET.
Auto Increment Behavior
-----------------------
SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually assumed to have
"autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their own primary key values upon
INSERT. Since Oracle has no "autoincrement" feature, SQLAlchemy relies upon sequences
to produce these values. With the Oracle dialect, *a sequence must always be explicitly
specified to enable autoincrement*. This is divergent with the majority of documentation
examples which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database. To specify sequences,
use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed to a Column construct::
t = Table('mytable', metadata,
Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True),
Column(...), ...
)
This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload=True::
t = Table('mytable', metadata,
Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True),
autoload=True
)
Identifier Casing
-----------------
In Oracle, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive identifier names
using UPPERCASE text. SQLAlchemy on the other hand considers an all-lower case identifier
name to be case insensitive. The Oracle dialect converts all case insensitive identifiers
to and from those two formats during schema level communication, such as reflection of
tables and indexes. Using an UPPERCASE name on the SQLAlchemy side indicates a
case sensitive identifier, and SQLAlchemy will quote the name - this will cause mismatches
against data dictionary data received from Oracle, so unless identifier names have been
truly created as case sensitive (i.e. using quoted names), all lowercase names should be
used on the SQLAlchemy side.
LIMIT/OFFSET Support
--------------------
Oracle has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keywords. SQLAlchemy uses
a wrapped subquery approach in conjunction with ROWNUM. The exact methodology
is taken from
http://www.oracle.com/technology/oramag/oracle/06-sep/o56asktom.html .
There are two options which affect its behavior:
* the "FIRST ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default. To enable the usage of this
optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True`` to :func:`.create_engine`.
* the values passed for the limit/offset are sent as bound parameters. Some users have observed
that Oracle produces a poor query plan when the values are sent as binds and not
rendered literally. To render the limit/offset values literally within the SQL
statement, specify ``use_binds_for_limits=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`.
Some users have reported better performance when the entirely different approach of a
window query is used, i.e. ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY), to provide LIMIT/OFFSET (note
that the majority of users don't observe this). To suit this case the
method used for LIMIT/OFFSET can be replaced entirely. See the recipe at
http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/wiki/UsageRecipes/WindowFunctionsByDefault
which installs a select compiler that overrides the generation of limit/offset with
a window function.
.. _oracle_returning:
RETURNING Support
-----------------
The Oracle database supports a limited form of RETURNING, in order to retrieve result
sets of matched rows from INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements. Oracle's
RETURNING..INTO syntax only supports one row being returned, as it relies upon
OUT parameters in order to function. In addition, supported DBAPIs have further
limitations (see :ref:`cx_oracle_returning`).
SQLAlchemy's "implicit returning" feature, which employs RETURNING within an INSERT
and sometimes an UPDATE statement in order to fetch newly generated primary key values
and other SQL defaults and expressions, is normally enabled on the Oracle
backend. By default, "implicit returning" typically only fetches the value of a
single ``nextval(some_seq)`` expression embedded into an INSERT in order to increment
a sequence within an INSERT statement and get the value back at the same time.
To disable this feature across the board, specify ``implicit_returning=False`` to
:func:`.create_engine`::
engine = create_engine("oracle://scott:tiger@dsn", implicit_returning=False)
Implicit returning can also be disabled on a table-by-table basis as a table option::
# Core Table
my_table = Table("my_table", metadata, ..., implicit_returning=False)
# declarative
class MyClass(Base):
__tablename__ = 'my_table'
__table_args__ = {"implicit_returning": False}
.. seealso::
:ref:`cx_oracle_returning` - additional cx_oracle-specific restrictions on implicit returning.
ON UPDATE CASCADE
-----------------
Oracle doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality. A trigger based solution
is available at http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html .
When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue
cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the
"deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments,
and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship().
Oracle 8 Compatibility
----------------------
When Oracle 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to the following
behaviors:
* the use_ansi flag is set to False. This has the effect of converting all
JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN
makes use of Oracle's (+) operator.
* the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when
the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are issued
instead. This because these types don't seem to work correctly on Oracle 8
even though they are available. The :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR`
and :class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB.
* the "native unicode" mode is disabled when using cx_oracle, i.e. SQLAlchemy
encodes all Python unicode objects to "string" before passing in as bind parameters.
Synonym/DBLINK Reflection
-------------------------
When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search for tables
indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or accessed over DBLINK,
by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as a
keyword argument to the :class:`.Table` construct::
some_table = Table('some_table', autoload=True,
autoload_with=some_engine,
oracle_resolve_synonyms=True)
When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will
be searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the
``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another name.
If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the oracle dialect knows
how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax (e.g. ``@dblink``).
``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are
accepted, including methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` and
:meth:`.Inspector.get_columns`.
If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled.
DateTime Compatibility
----------------------
Oracle has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only ``DATE``,
which can actually store a date and time value. For this reason, the Oracle
dialect provides a type :class:`.oracle.DATE` which is a subclass of
:class:`.DateTime`. This type has no special behavior, and is only
present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column
is reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting
:class:`.oracle.DATE` type is used.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9.4 Added :class:`.oracle.DATE` to subclass
:class:`.DateTime`. This is a change as previous versions
would reflect a ``DATE`` column as :class:`.types.DATE`, which subclasses
:class:`.Date`. The only significance here is for schemes that are
examining the type of column for use in special Python translations or
for migrating schemas to other database backends.
"""
import re
from sqlalchemy import util, sql
from sqlalchemy.engine import default, base, reflection
from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler, visitors, expression
from sqlalchemy.sql import operators as sql_operators, functions as sql_functions
from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, schema as sa_schema
from sqlalchemy.types import VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, \
BLOB, CLOB, TIMESTAMP, FLOAT
RESERVED_WORDS = \
set('SHARE RAW DROP BETWEEN FROM DESC OPTION PRIOR LONG THEN '\
'DEFAULT ALTER IS INTO MINUS INTEGER NUMBER GRANT IDENTIFIED '\
'ALL TO ORDER ON FLOAT DATE HAVING CLUSTER NOWAIT RESOURCE '\
'ANY TABLE INDEX FOR UPDATE WHERE CHECK SMALLINT WITH DELETE '\
'BY ASC REVOKE LIKE SIZE RENAME NOCOMPRESS NULL GROUP VALUES '\
'AS IN VIEW EXCLUSIVE COMPRESS SYNONYM SELECT INSERT EXISTS '\
'NOT TRIGGER ELSE CREATE INTERSECT PCTFREE DISTINCT USER '\
'CONNECT SET MODE OF UNIQUE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR LOCK OR CHAR '\
'DECIMAL UNION PUBLIC AND START UID COMMENT CURRENT LEVEL'.split())
NO_ARG_FNS = set('UID CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE USER '
'CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'.split())
class RAW(sqltypes._Binary):
__visit_name__ = 'RAW'
OracleRaw = RAW
class NCLOB(sqltypes.Text):
__visit_name__ = 'NCLOB'
class VARCHAR2(VARCHAR):
__visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR2'
NVARCHAR2 = NVARCHAR
class NUMBER(sqltypes.Numeric, sqltypes.Integer):
__visit_name__ = 'NUMBER'
def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
if asdecimal is None:
asdecimal = bool(scale and scale > 0)
super(NUMBER, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
def adapt(self, impltype):
ret = super(NUMBER, self).adapt(impltype)
# leave a hint for the DBAPI handler
ret._is_oracle_number = True
return ret
@property
def _type_affinity(self):
if bool(self.scale and self.scale > 0):
return sqltypes.Numeric
else:
return sqltypes.Integer
class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.Numeric):
__visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE_PRECISION'
def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
if asdecimal is None:
asdecimal = False
super(DOUBLE_PRECISION, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
class BFILE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
__visit_name__ = 'BFILE'
class LONG(sqltypes.Text):
__visit_name__ = 'LONG'
class DATE(sqltypes.DateTime):
"""Provide the oracle DATE type.
This type has no special Python behavior, except that it subclasses
:class:`.types.DateTime`; this is to suit the fact that the Oracle
``DATE`` type supports a time value.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.4
"""
__visit_name__ = 'DATE'
def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
return other._type_affinity in (sqltypes.DateTime, sqltypes.Date)
class INTERVAL(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
__visit_name__ = 'INTERVAL'
def __init__(self,
day_precision=None,
second_precision=None):
"""Construct an INTERVAL.
Note that only DAY TO SECOND intervals are currently supported.
This is due to a lack of support for YEAR TO MONTH intervals
within available DBAPIs (cx_oracle and zxjdbc).
:param day_precision: the day precision value. this is the number of digits
to store for the day field. Defaults to "2"
:param second_precision: the second precision value. this is the number of digits
to store for the fractional seconds field. Defaults to "6".
"""
self.day_precision = day_precision
self.second_precision = second_precision
@classmethod
def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
return INTERVAL(day_precision=interval.day_precision,
second_precision=interval.second_precision)
@property
def _type_affinity(self):
return sqltypes.Interval
class ROWID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
"""Oracle ROWID type.
When used in a cast() or similar, generates ROWID.
"""
__visit_name__ = 'ROWID'
class _OracleBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
return dbapi.NUMBER
colspecs = {
sqltypes.Boolean: _OracleBoolean,
sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
sqltypes.DateTime: DATE
}
ischema_names = {
'VARCHAR2': VARCHAR,
'NVARCHAR2': NVARCHAR,
'CHAR': CHAR,
'DATE': DATE,
'NUMBER': NUMBER,
'BLOB': BLOB,
'BFILE': BFILE,
'CLOB': CLOB,
'NCLOB': NCLOB,
'TIMESTAMP': TIMESTAMP,
'TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE': TIMESTAMP,
'INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND': INTERVAL,
'RAW': RAW,
'FLOAT': FLOAT,
'DOUBLE PRECISION': DOUBLE_PRECISION,
'LONG': LONG,
}
class OracleTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
# Note:
# Oracle DATE == DATETIME
# Oracle does not allow milliseconds in DATE
# Oracle does not support TIME columns
def visit_datetime(self, type_):
return self.visit_DATE(type_)
def visit_float(self, type_):
return self.visit_FLOAT(type_)
def visit_unicode(self, type_):
if self.dialect._supports_nchar:
return self.visit_NVARCHAR2(type_)
else:
return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_)
def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_):
return "INTERVAL DAY%s TO SECOND%s" % (
type_.day_precision is not None and
"(%d)" % type_.day_precision or
"",
type_.second_precision is not None and
"(%d)" % type_.second_precision or
"",
)
def visit_LONG(self, type_):
return "LONG"
def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_):
if type_.timezone:
return "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"
else:
return "TIMESTAMP"
def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_):
return self._generate_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE PRECISION")
def visit_NUMBER(self, type_, **kw):
return self._generate_numeric(type_, "NUMBER", **kw)
def _generate_numeric(self, type_, name, precision=None, scale=None):
if precision is None:
precision = type_.precision
if scale is None:
scale = getattr(type_, 'scale', None)
if precision is None:
return name
elif scale is None:
n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s)"
return n % {'name': name, 'precision': precision}
else:
n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
return n % {'name': name, 'precision': precision, 'scale': scale}
def visit_string(self, type_):
return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_)
def visit_VARCHAR2(self, type_):
return self._visit_varchar(type_, '', '2')
def visit_NVARCHAR2(self, type_):
return self._visit_varchar(type_, 'N', '2')
visit_NVARCHAR = visit_NVARCHAR2
def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_):
return self._visit_varchar(type_, '', '')
def _visit_varchar(self, type_, n, num):
if not type_.length:
return "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s" % {'two': num, 'n': n}
elif not n and self.dialect._supports_char_length:
varchar = "VARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s CHAR)"
return varchar % {'length': type_.length, 'two': num}
else:
varchar = "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s)"
return varchar % {'length': type_.length, 'two': num, 'n': n}
def visit_text(self, type_):
return self.visit_CLOB(type_)
def visit_unicode_text(self, type_):
if self.dialect._supports_nchar:
return self.visit_NCLOB(type_)
else:
return self.visit_CLOB(type_)
def visit_large_binary(self, type_):
return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
def visit_big_integer(self, type_):
return self.visit_NUMBER(type_, precision=19)
def visit_boolean(self, type_):
return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_)
def visit_RAW(self, type_):
if type_.length:
return "RAW(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length}
else:
return "RAW"
def visit_ROWID(self, type_):
return "ROWID"
class OracleCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
"""Oracle compiler modifies the lexical structure of Select
statements to work under non-ANSI configured Oracle databases, if
the use_ansi flag is False.
"""
compound_keywords = util.update_copy(
compiler.SQLCompiler.compound_keywords,
{
expression.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: 'MINUS'
}
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.__wheres = {}
self._quoted_bind_names = {}
super(OracleCompiler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
return "mod(%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
self.process(binary.right, **kw))
def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
return "LENGTH" + self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left),
self.process(binary.right))
def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
return '1'
def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
return '0'
def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
return " ".join(
"/*+ %s */" % text for table, text in byfroms.items()
)
def function_argspec(self, fn, **kw):
if len(fn.clauses) > 0 or fn.name.upper() not in NO_ARG_FNS:
return compiler.SQLCompiler.function_argspec(self, fn, **kw)
else:
return ""
def default_from(self):
"""Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
The Oracle compiler tacks a "FROM DUAL" to the statement.
"""
return " FROM DUAL"
def visit_join(self, join, **kwargs):
if self.dialect.use_ansi:
return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_join(self, join, **kwargs)
else:
kwargs['asfrom'] = True
if isinstance(join.right, expression.FromGrouping):
right = join.right.element
else:
right = join.right
return self.process(join.left, **kwargs) + \
", " + self.process(right, **kwargs)
def _get_nonansi_join_whereclause(self, froms):
clauses = []
def visit_join(join):
if join.isouter:
def visit_binary(binary):
if binary.operator == sql_operators.eq:
if join.right.is_derived_from(binary.left.table):
binary.left = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.left)
elif join.right.is_derived_from(binary.right.table):
binary.right = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.right)
clauses.append(visitors.cloned_traverse(join.onclause, {},
{'binary': visit_binary}))
else:
clauses.append(join.onclause)
for j in join.left, join.right:
if isinstance(j, expression.Join):
visit_join(j)
elif isinstance(j, expression.FromGrouping):
visit_join(j.element)
for f in froms:
if isinstance(f, expression.Join):
visit_join(f)
if not clauses:
return None
else:
return sql.and_(*clauses)
def visit_outer_join_column(self, vc):
return self.process(vc.column) + "(+)"
def visit_sequence(self, seq):
return self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq) + ".nextval"
def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, ashint=False, **kwargs):
"""Oracle doesn't like ``FROM table AS alias``. Is the AS standard SQL??"""
if asfrom or ashint:
alias_name = isinstance(alias.name, expression._truncated_label) and \
self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name) or alias.name
if ashint:
return alias_name
elif asfrom:
return self.process(alias.original, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs) + \
" " + self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
else:
return self.process(alias.original, **kwargs)
def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
columns = []
binds = []
for i, column in enumerate(expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)):
if column.type._has_column_expression:
col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
else:
col_expr = column
outparam = sql.outparam("ret_%d" % i, type_=column.type)
self.binds[outparam.key] = outparam
binds.append(self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(outparam)))
columns.append(self.process(col_expr, within_columns_clause=False))
self.result_map[outparam.key] = (
outparam.key,
(column, getattr(column, 'name', None),
getattr(column, 'key', None)),
column.type
)
return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
def _TODO_visit_compound_select(self, select):
"""Need to determine how to get ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` into a ``UNION`` for Oracle."""
pass
def visit_select(self, select, **kwargs):
"""Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``rownum`` criterion.
"""
if not getattr(select, '_oracle_visit', None):
if not self.dialect.use_ansi:
froms = self._display_froms_for_select(
select, kwargs.get('asfrom', False))
whereclause = self._get_nonansi_join_whereclause(froms)
if whereclause is not None:
select = select.where(whereclause)
select._oracle_visit = True
if select._limit is not None or select._offset is not None:
# See http://www.oracle.com/technology/oramag/oracle/06-sep/o56asktom.html
#
# Generalized form of an Oracle pagination query:
# select ... from (
# select /*+ FIRST_ROWS(N) */ ...., rownum as ora_rn from (
# select distinct ... where ... order by ...
# ) where ROWNUM <= :limit+:offset
# ) where ora_rn > :offset
# Outer select and "ROWNUM as ora_rn" can be dropped if limit=0
# TODO: use annotations instead of clone + attr set ?
select = select._generate()
select._oracle_visit = True
# Wrap the middle select and add the hint
limitselect = sql.select([c for c in select.c])
if select._limit and self.dialect.optimize_limits:
limitselect = limitselect.prefix_with("/*+ FIRST_ROWS(%d) */" % select._limit)
limitselect._oracle_visit = True
limitselect._is_wrapper = True
# If needed, add the limiting clause
if select._limit is not None:
max_row = select._limit
if select._offset is not None:
max_row += select._offset
if not self.dialect.use_binds_for_limits:
max_row = sql.literal_column("%d" % max_row)
limitselect.append_whereclause(
sql.literal_column("ROWNUM") <= max_row)
# If needed, add the ora_rn, and wrap again with offset.
if select._offset is None:
limitselect._for_update_arg = select._for_update_arg
select = limitselect
else:
limitselect = limitselect.column(
sql.literal_column("ROWNUM").label("ora_rn"))
limitselect._oracle_visit = True
limitselect._is_wrapper = True
offsetselect = sql.select(
[c for c in limitselect.c if c.key != 'ora_rn'])
offsetselect._oracle_visit = True
offsetselect._is_wrapper = True
offset_value = select._offset
if not self.dialect.use_binds_for_limits:
offset_value = sql.literal_column("%d" % offset_value)
offsetselect.append_whereclause(
sql.literal_column("ora_rn") > offset_value)
offsetselect._for_update_arg = select._for_update_arg
select = offsetselect
kwargs['iswrapper'] = getattr(select, '_is_wrapper', False)
return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_select(self, select, **kwargs)
def limit_clause(self, select):
return ""
def for_update_clause(self, select):
if self.is_subquery():
return ""
tmp = ' FOR UPDATE'
if select._for_update_arg.of:
tmp += ' OF ' + ', '.join(
self.process(elem) for elem in
select._for_update_arg.of
)
if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
tmp += " NOWAIT"
return tmp
class OracleDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
text = ""
if constraint.ondelete is not None:
text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
# oracle has no ON UPDATE CASCADE -
# its only available via triggers http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html
if constraint.onupdate is not None:
util.warn(
"Oracle does not contain native UPDATE CASCADE "
"functionality - onupdates will not be rendered for foreign keys. "
"Consider using deferrable=True, initially='deferred' or triggers.")
return text
def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
return super(OracleDDLCompiler, self).\
visit_create_index(create, include_schema=True)
class OracleIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
reserved_words = set([x.lower() for x in RESERVED_WORDS])
illegal_initial_characters = set(range(0, 10)).union(["_", "$"])
def _bindparam_requires_quotes(self, value):
"""Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
lc_value = value.lower()
return (lc_value in self.reserved_words
or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
or not self.legal_characters.match(util.text_type(value))
)
def format_savepoint(self, savepoint):
name = re.sub(r'^_+', '', savepoint.ident)
return super(OracleIdentifierPreparer, self).format_savepoint(savepoint, name)
class OracleExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
return self._execute_scalar("SELECT " +
self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq) +
".nextval FROM DUAL", type_)
class OracleDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
name = 'oracle'
supports_alter = True
supports_unicode_statements = False
supports_unicode_binds = False
max_identifier_length = 30
supports_sane_rowcount = True
supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
supports_sequences = True
sequences_optional = False
postfetch_lastrowid = False
default_paramstyle = 'named'
colspecs = colspecs
ischema_names = ischema_names
requires_name_normalize = True
supports_default_values = False
supports_empty_insert = False
statement_compiler = OracleCompiler
ddl_compiler = OracleDDLCompiler
type_compiler = OracleTypeCompiler
preparer = OracleIdentifierPreparer
execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext
reflection_options = ('oracle_resolve_synonyms', )
construct_arguments = [
(sa_schema.Table, {"resolve_synonyms": False})
]
def __init__(self,
use_ansi=True,
optimize_limits=False,
use_binds_for_limits=True,
**kwargs):
default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
self.use_ansi = use_ansi
self.optimize_limits = optimize_limits
self.use_binds_for_limits = use_binds_for_limits
def initialize(self, connection):
super(OracleDialect, self).initialize(connection)
self.implicit_returning = self.__dict__.get(
'implicit_returning',
self.server_version_info > (10, )
)
if self._is_oracle_8:
self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Interval)
self.use_ansi = False
@property
def _is_oracle_8(self):
return self.server_version_info and \
self.server_version_info < (9, )
@property
def _supports_char_length(self):
return not self._is_oracle_8
@property
def _supports_nchar(self):
return not self._is_oracle_8
def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
# Oracle does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
pass
def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
if not schema:
schema = self.default_schema_name
cursor = connection.execute(
sql.text("SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
"WHERE table_name = :name AND owner = :schema_name"),
name=self.denormalize_name(table_name), schema_name=self.denormalize_name(schema))
return cursor.first() is not None
def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
if not schema:
schema = self.default_schema_name
cursor = connection.execute(
sql.text("SELECT sequence_name FROM all_sequences "
"WHERE sequence_name = :name AND sequence_owner = :schema_name"),
name=self.denormalize_name(sequence_name), schema_name=self.denormalize_name(schema))
return cursor.first() is not None
def normalize_name(self, name):
if name is None:
return None
if util.py2k:
if isinstance(name, str):
name = name.decode(self.encoding)
if name.upper() == name and \
not self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
return name.lower()
else:
return name
def denormalize_name(self, name):
if name is None:
return None
elif name.lower() == name and not self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
name = name.upper()
if util.py2k:
if not self.supports_unicode_binds:
name = name.encode(self.encoding)
else:
name = unicode(name)
return name
def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
return self.normalize_name(connection.execute('SELECT USER FROM DUAL').scalar())
def _resolve_synonym(self, connection, desired_owner=None, desired_synonym=None, desired_table=None):
"""search for a local synonym matching the given desired owner/name.
if desired_owner is None, attempts to locate a distinct owner.
returns the actual name, owner, dblink name, and synonym name if found.
"""
q = "SELECT owner, table_owner, table_name, db_link, "\
"synonym_name FROM all_synonyms WHERE "
clauses = []
params = {}
if desired_synonym:
clauses.append("synonym_name = :synonym_name")
params['synonym_name'] = desired_synonym
if desired_owner:
clauses.append("owner = :desired_owner")
params['desired_owner'] = desired_owner
if desired_table:
clauses.append("table_name = :tname")
params['tname'] = desired_table
q += " AND ".join(clauses)
result = connection.execute(sql.text(q), **params)
if desired_owner:
row = result.first()
if row:
return row['table_name'], row['table_owner'], row['db_link'], row['synonym_name']
else:
return None, None, None, None
else:
rows = result.fetchall()
if len(rows) > 1:
raise AssertionError("There are multiple tables visible to the schema, you must specify owner")
elif len(rows) == 1:
row = rows[0]
return row['table_name'], row['table_owner'], row['db_link'], row['synonym_name']
else:
return None, None, None, None
@reflection.cache
def _prepare_reflection_args(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
if resolve_synonyms:
actual_name, owner, dblink, synonym = self._resolve_synonym(
connection,
desired_owner=self.denormalize_name(schema),
desired_synonym=self.denormalize_name(table_name)
)
else:
actual_name, owner, dblink, synonym = None, None, None, None
if not actual_name:
actual_name = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
if dblink:
# using user_db_links here since all_db_links appears
# to have more restricted permissions.
# http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/ds_admin005.htm
# will need to hear from more users if we are doing
# the right thing here. See [ticket:2619]
owner = connection.scalar(
sql.text("SELECT username FROM user_db_links "
"WHERE db_link=:link"), link=dblink)
dblink = "@" + dblink
elif not owner:
owner = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
return (actual_name, owner, dblink or '', synonym)
@reflection.cache
def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
s = "SELECT username FROM all_users ORDER BY username"
cursor = connection.execute(s,)
return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
@reflection.cache
def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
schema = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
# note that table_names() isnt loading DBLINKed or synonym'ed tables
if schema is None:
schema = self.default_schema_name
s = sql.text(
"SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
"WHERE nvl(tablespace_name, 'no tablespace') NOT IN ('SYSTEM', 'SYSAUX') "
"AND OWNER = :owner "
"AND IOT_NAME IS NULL")
cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=schema)
return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
@reflection.cache
def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
schema = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
s = sql.text("SELECT view_name FROM all_views WHERE owner = :owner")
cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=self.denormalize_name(schema))
return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
@reflection.cache
def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""
kw arguments can be:
oracle_resolve_synonyms
dblink
"""
resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
(table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
resolve_synonyms, dblink,
info_cache=info_cache)
columns = []
if self._supports_char_length:
char_length_col = 'char_length'
else:
char_length_col = 'data_length'
params = {"table_name": table_name}
text = "SELECT column_name, data_type, %(char_length_col)s, "\
"data_precision, data_scale, "\
"nullable, data_default FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS%(dblink)s "\
"WHERE table_name = :table_name"
if schema is not None:
params['owner'] = schema
text += " AND owner = :owner "
text += " ORDER BY column_id"
text = text % {'dblink': dblink, 'char_length_col': char_length_col}
c = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
for row in c:
(colname, orig_colname, coltype, length, precision, scale, nullable, default) = \
(self.normalize_name(row[0]), row[0], row[1], row[2], row[3], row[4], row[5] == 'Y', row[6])
if coltype == 'NUMBER':
coltype = NUMBER(precision, scale)
elif coltype in ('VARCHAR2', 'NVARCHAR2', 'CHAR'):
coltype = self.ischema_names.get(coltype)(length)
elif 'WITH TIME ZONE' in coltype:
coltype = TIMESTAMP(timezone=True)
else:
coltype = re.sub(r'\(\d+\)', '', coltype)
try:
coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
except KeyError:
util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
(coltype, colname))
coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
cdict = {
'name': colname,
'type': coltype,
'nullable': nullable,
'default': default,
'autoincrement': default is None
}
if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
cdict['quote'] = True
columns.append(cdict)
return columns
@reflection.cache
def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
(table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
resolve_synonyms, dblink,
info_cache=info_cache)
indexes = []
params = {'table_name': table_name}
text = \
"SELECT a.index_name, a.column_name, b.uniqueness "\
"\nFROM ALL_IND_COLUMNS%(dblink)s a, "\
"\nALL_INDEXES%(dblink)s b "\
"\nWHERE "\
"\na.index_name = b.index_name "\
"\nAND a.table_owner = b.table_owner "\
"\nAND a.table_name = b.table_name "\
"\nAND a.table_name = :table_name "
if schema is not None:
params['schema'] = schema
text += "AND a.table_owner = :schema "
text += "ORDER BY a.index_name, a.column_position"
text = text % {'dblink': dblink}
q = sql.text(text)
rp = connection.execute(q, **params)
indexes = []
last_index_name = None
pk_constraint = self.get_pk_constraint(
connection, table_name, schema, resolve_synonyms=resolve_synonyms,
dblink=dblink, info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
pkeys = pk_constraint['constrained_columns']
uniqueness = dict(NONUNIQUE=False, UNIQUE=True)
oracle_sys_col = re.compile(r'SYS_NC\d+\$', re.IGNORECASE)
def upper_name_set(names):
return set([i.upper() for i in names])
pk_names = upper_name_set(pkeys)
def remove_if_primary_key(index):
# don't include the primary key index
if index is not None and \
upper_name_set(index['column_names']) == pk_names:
indexes.pop()
index = None
for rset in rp:
if rset.index_name != last_index_name:
remove_if_primary_key(index)
index = dict(name=self.normalize_name(rset.index_name), column_names=[])
indexes.append(index)
index['unique'] = uniqueness.get(rset.uniqueness, False)
# filter out Oracle SYS_NC names. could also do an outer join
# to the all_tab_columns table and check for real col names there.
if not oracle_sys_col.match(rset.column_name):
index['column_names'].append(self.normalize_name(rset.column_name))
last_index_name = rset.index_name
remove_if_primary_key(index)
return indexes
@reflection.cache
def _get_constraint_data(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
dblink='', **kw):
params = {'table_name': table_name}
text = \
"SELECT"\
"\nac.constraint_name,"\
"\nac.constraint_type,"\
"\nloc.column_name AS local_column,"\
"\nrem.table_name AS remote_table,"\
"\nrem.column_name AS remote_column,"\
"\nrem.owner AS remote_owner,"\
"\nloc.position as loc_pos,"\
"\nrem.position as rem_pos"\
"\nFROM all_constraints%(dblink)s ac,"\
"\nall_cons_columns%(dblink)s loc,"\
"\nall_cons_columns%(dblink)s rem"\
"\nWHERE ac.table_name = :table_name"\
"\nAND ac.constraint_type IN ('R','P')"
if schema is not None:
params['owner'] = schema
text += "\nAND ac.owner = :owner"
text += \
"\nAND ac.owner = loc.owner"\
"\nAND ac.constraint_name = loc.constraint_name"\
"\nAND ac.r_owner = rem.owner(+)"\
"\nAND ac.r_constraint_name = rem.constraint_name(+)"\
"\nAND (rem.position IS NULL or loc.position=rem.position)"\
"\nORDER BY ac.constraint_name, loc.position"
text = text % {'dblink': dblink}
rp = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
constraint_data = rp.fetchall()
return constraint_data
@reflection.cache
def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
(table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
resolve_synonyms, dblink,
info_cache=info_cache)
pkeys = []
constraint_name = None
constraint_data = self._get_constraint_data(connection, table_name,
schema, dblink,
info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
for row in constraint_data:
(cons_name, cons_type, local_column, remote_table, remote_column, remote_owner) = \
row[0:2] + tuple([self.normalize_name(x) for x in row[2:6]])
if cons_type == 'P':
if constraint_name is None:
constraint_name = self.normalize_name(cons_name)
pkeys.append(local_column)
return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': constraint_name}
@reflection.cache
def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
"""
kw arguments can be:
oracle_resolve_synonyms
dblink
"""
requested_schema = schema # to check later on
resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
(table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
resolve_synonyms, dblink,
info_cache=info_cache)
constraint_data = self._get_constraint_data(connection, table_name,
schema, dblink,
info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
def fkey_rec():
return {
'name': None,
'constrained_columns': [],
'referred_schema': None,
'referred_table': None,
'referred_columns': []
}
fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
for row in constraint_data:
(cons_name, cons_type, local_column, remote_table, remote_column, remote_owner) = \
row[0:2] + tuple([self.normalize_name(x) for x in row[2:6]])
if cons_type == 'R':
if remote_table is None:
# ticket 363
util.warn(
("Got 'None' querying 'table_name' from "
"all_cons_columns%(dblink)s - does the user have "
"proper rights to the table?") % {'dblink': dblink})
continue
rec = fkeys[cons_name]
rec['name'] = cons_name
local_cols, remote_cols = rec['constrained_columns'], rec['referred_columns']
if not rec['referred_table']:
if resolve_synonyms:
ref_remote_name, ref_remote_owner, ref_dblink, ref_synonym = \
self._resolve_synonym(
connection,
desired_owner=self.denormalize_name(remote_owner),
desired_table=self.denormalize_name(remote_table)
)
if ref_synonym:
remote_table = self.normalize_name(ref_synonym)
remote_owner = self.normalize_name(ref_remote_owner)
rec['referred_table'] = remote_table
if requested_schema is not None or self.denormalize_name(remote_owner) != schema:
rec['referred_schema'] = remote_owner
local_cols.append(local_column)
remote_cols.append(remote_column)
return list(fkeys.values())
@reflection.cache
def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None,
resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
(view_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, view_name, schema,
resolve_synonyms, dblink,
info_cache=info_cache)
params = {'view_name': view_name}
text = "SELECT text FROM all_views WHERE view_name=:view_name"
if schema is not None:
text += " AND owner = :schema"
params['schema'] = schema
rp = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params).scalar()
if rp:
if util.py2k:
rp = rp.decode(self.encoding)
return rp
else:
return None
class _OuterJoinColumn(sql.ClauseElement):
__visit_name__ = 'outer_join_column'
def __init__(self, column):
self.column = column
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