#!/usr/bin/env python
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement
from tornado.escape import utf8, _unicode, native_str
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPResponse, HTTPError, AsyncHTTPClient, main, _RequestProxy
from tornado.httputil import HTTPHeaders
from tornado.iostream import IOStream, SSLIOStream
from tornado.netutil import Resolver, OverrideResolver
from tornado.log import gen_log
from tornado import stack_context
from tornado.util import GzipDecompressor
import base64
import collections
import copy
import functools
import os.path
import re
import socket
import ssl
import sys
try:
from io import BytesIO # python 3
except ImportError:
from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO # python 2
try:
import urlparse # py2
except ImportError:
import urllib.parse as urlparse # py3
_DEFAULT_CA_CERTS = os.path.dirname(__file__) + '/ca-certificates.crt'
class SimpleAsyncHTTPClient(AsyncHTTPClient):
"""Non-blocking HTTP client with no external dependencies.
This class implements an HTTP 1.1 client on top of Tornado's IOStreams.
It does not currently implement all applicable parts of the HTTP
specification, but it does enough to work with major web service APIs.
Some features found in the curl-based AsyncHTTPClient are not yet
supported. In particular, proxies are not supported, connections
are not reused, and callers cannot select the network interface to be
used.
"""
def initialize(self, io_loop, max_clients=10,
hostname_mapping=None, max_buffer_size=104857600,
resolver=None, defaults=None):
"""Creates a AsyncHTTPClient.
Only a single AsyncHTTPClient instance exists per IOLoop
in order to provide limitations on the number of pending connections.
force_instance=True may be used to suppress this behavior.
max_clients is the number of concurrent requests that can be
in progress. Note that this arguments are only used when the
client is first created, and will be ignored when an existing
client is reused.
hostname_mapping is a dictionary mapping hostnames to IP addresses.
It can be used to make local DNS changes when modifying system-wide
settings like /etc/hosts is not possible or desirable (e.g. in
unittests).
max_buffer_size is the number of bytes that can be read by IOStream. It
defaults to 100mb.
"""
super(SimpleAsyncHTTPClient, self).initialize(io_loop,
defaults=defaults)
self.max_clients = max_clients
self.queue = collections.deque()
self.active = {}
self.waiting = {}
self.max_buffer_size = max_buffer_size
if resolver:
self.resolver = resolver
self.own_resolver = False
else:
self.resolver = Resolver(io_loop=io_loop)
self.own_resolver = True
if hostname_mapping is not None:
self.resolver = OverrideResolver(resolver=self.resolver,
mapping=hostname_mapping)
def close(self):
super(SimpleAsyncHTTPClient, self).close()
if self.own_resolver:
self.resolver.close()
def fetch_impl(self, request, callback):
key = object()
self.queue.append((key, request, callback))
if not len(self.active) < self.max_clients:
timeout_handle = self.io_loop.add_timeout(
self.io_loop.time() + min(request.connect_timeout,
request.request_timeout),
functools.partial(self._on_timeout, key))
else:
timeout_handle = None
self.waiting[key] = (request, callback, timeout_handle)
self._process_queue()
if self.queue:
gen_log.debug("max_clients limit reached, request queued. "
"%d active, %d queued requests." % (
len(self.active), len(self.queue)))
def _process_queue(self):
with stack_context.NullContext():
while self.queue and len(self.active) < self.max_clients:
key, request, callback = self.queue.popleft()
if key not in self.waiting:
continue
self._remove_timeout(key)
self.active[key] = (request, callback)
release_callback = functools.partial(self._release_fetch, key)
self._handle_request(request, release_callback, callback)
def _handle_request(self, request, release_callback, final_callback):
_HTTPConnection(self.io_loop, self, request, release_callback,
final_callback, self.max_buffer_size, self.resolver)
def _release_fetch(self, key):
del self.active[key]
self._process_queue()
def _remove_timeout(self, key):
if key in self.waiting:
request, callback, timeout_handle = self.waiting[key]
if timeout_handle is not None:
self.io_loop.remove_timeout(timeout_handle)
del self.waiting[key]
def _on_timeout(self, key):
request, callback, timeout_handle = self.waiting[key]
self.queue.remove((key, request, callback))
timeout_response = HTTPResponse(
request, 599, error=HTTPError(599, "Timeout"),
request_time=self.io_loop.time() - request.start_time)
self.io_loop.add_callback(callback, timeout_response)
del self.waiting[key]
class _HTTPConnection(object):
_SUPPORTED_METHODS = set(["GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "PATCH", "OPTIONS"])
def __init__(self, io_loop, client, request, release_callback,
final_callback, max_buffer_size, resolver):
self.start_time = io_loop.time()
self.io_loop = io_loop
self.client = client
self.request = request
self.release_callback = release_callback
self.final_callback = final_callback
self.max_buffer_size = max_buffer_size
self.resolver = resolver
self.code = None
self.headers = None
self.chunks = None
self._decompressor = None
# Timeout handle returned by IOLoop.add_timeout
self._timeout = None
with stack_context.ExceptionStackContext(self._handle_exception):
self.parsed = urlparse.urlsplit(_unicode(self.request.url))
if self.parsed.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
raise ValueError("Unsupported url scheme: %s" %
self.request.url)
# urlsplit results have hostname and port results, but they
# didn't support ipv6 literals until python 2.7.
netloc = self.parsed.netloc
if "@" in netloc:
userpass, _, netloc = netloc.rpartition("@")
match = re.match(r'^(.+):(\d+)$', netloc)
if match:
host = match.group(1)
port = int(match.group(2))
else:
host = netloc
port = 443 if self.parsed.scheme == "https" else 80
if re.match(r'^\[.*\]$', host):
# raw ipv6 addresses in urls are enclosed in brackets
host = host[1:-1]
self.parsed_hostname = host # save final host for _on_connect
if request.allow_ipv6:
af = socket.AF_UNSPEC
else:
# We only try the first IP we get from getaddrinfo,
# so restrict to ipv4 by default.
af = socket.AF_INET
timeout = min(self.request.connect_timeout, self.request.request_timeout)
if timeout:
self._timeout = self.io_loop.add_timeout(
self.start_time + timeout,
stack_context.wrap(self._on_timeout))
self.resolver.resolve(host, port, af, callback=self._on_resolve)
def _on_resolve(self, addrinfo):
if self.final_callback is None:
# final_callback is cleared if we've hit our timeout
return
self.stream = self._create_stream(addrinfo)
self.stream.set_close_callback(self._on_close)
# ipv6 addresses are broken (in self.parsed.hostname) until
# 2.7, here is correctly parsed value calculated in __init__
sockaddr = addrinfo[0][1]
self.stream.connect(sockaddr, self._on_connect,
server_hostname=self.parsed_hostname)
def _create_stream(self, addrinfo):
af = addrinfo[0][0]
if self.parsed.scheme == "https":
ssl_options = {}
if self.request.validate_cert:
ssl_options["cert_reqs"] = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
if self.request.ca_certs is not None:
ssl_options["ca_certs"] = self.request.ca_certs
else:
ssl_options["ca_certs"] = _DEFAULT_CA_CERTS
if self.request.client_key is not None:
ssl_options["keyfile"] = self.request.client_key
if self.request.client_cert is not None:
ssl_options["certfile"] = self.request.client_cert
# SSL interoperability is tricky. We want to disable
# SSLv2 for security reasons; it wasn't disabled by default
# until openssl 1.0. The best way to do this is to use
# the SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2, but that wasn't exposed to python
# until 3.2. Python 2.7 adds the ciphers argument, which
# can also be used to disable SSLv2. As a last resort
# on python 2.6, we set ssl_version to TLSv1. This is
# more narrow than we'd like since it also breaks
# compatibility with servers configured for SSLv3 only,
# but nearly all servers support both SSLv3 and TLSv1:
# http://blog.ivanristic.com/2011/09/ssl-survey-protocol-support.html
if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
ssl_options["ciphers"] = "DEFAULT:!SSLv2"
else:
# This is really only necessary for pre-1.0 versions
# of openssl, but python 2.6 doesn't expose version
# information.
ssl_options["ssl_version"] = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1
return SSLIOStream(socket.socket(af),
io_loop=self.io_loop,
ssl_options=ssl_options,
max_buffer_size=self.max_buffer_size)
else:
return IOStream(socket.socket(af),
io_loop=self.io_loop,
max_buffer_size=self.max_buffer_size)
def _on_timeout(self):
self._timeout = None
if self.final_callback is not None:
raise HTTPError(599, "Timeout")
def _remove_timeout(self):
if self._timeout is not None:
self.io_loop.remove_timeout(self._timeout)
self._timeout = None
def _on_connect(self):
self._remove_timeout()
if self.final_callback is None:
return
if self.request.request_timeout:
self._timeout = self.io_loop.add_timeout(
self.start_time + self.request.request_timeout,
stack_context.wrap(self._on_timeout))
if (self.request.method not in self._SUPPORTED_METHODS and
not self.request.allow_nonstandard_methods):
raise KeyError("unknown method %s" % self.request.method)
for key in ('network_interface',
'proxy_host', 'proxy_port',
'proxy_username', 'proxy_password'):
if getattr(self.request, key, None):
raise NotImplementedError('%s not supported' % key)
if "Connection" not in self.request.headers:
self.request.headers["Connection"] = "close"
if "Host" not in self.request.headers:
if '@' in self.parsed.netloc:
self.request.headers["Host"] = self.parsed.netloc.rpartition('@')[-1]
else:
self.request.headers["Host"] = self.parsed.netloc
username, password = None, None
if self.parsed.username is not None:
username, password = self.parsed.username, self.parsed.password
elif self.request.auth_username is not None:
username = self.request.auth_username
password = self.request.auth_password or ''
if username is not None:
if self.request.auth_mode not in (None, "basic"):
raise ValueError("unsupported auth_mode %s",
self.request.auth_mode)
auth = utf8(username) + b":" + utf8(password)
self.request.headers["Authorization"] = (b"Basic " +
base64.b64encode(auth))
if self.request.user_agent:
self.request.headers["User-Agent"] = self.request.user_agent
if not self.request.allow_nonstandard_methods:
if self.request.method in ("POST", "PATCH", "PUT"):
if self.request.body is None:
raise AssertionError(
'Body must not be empty for "%s" request'
% self.request.method)
else:
if self.request.body is not None:
raise AssertionError(
'Body must be empty for "%s" request'
% self.request.method)
if self.request.body is not None:
self.request.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(
self.request.body))
if (self.request.method == "POST" and
"Content-Type" not in self.request.headers):
self.request.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
if self.request.use_gzip:
self.request.headers["Accept-Encoding"] = "gzip"
req_path = ((self.parsed.path or '/') +
(('?' + self.parsed.query) if self.parsed.query else ''))
request_lines = [utf8("%s %s HTTP/1.1" % (self.request.method,
req_path))]
for k, v in self.request.headers.get_all():
line = utf8(k) + b": " + utf8(v)
if b'\n' in line:
raise ValueError('Newline in header: ' + repr(line))
request_lines.append(line)
request_str = b"\r\n".join(request_lines) + b"\r\n\r\n"
if self.request.body is not None:
request_str += self.request.body
self.stream.set_nodelay(True)
self.stream.write(request_str)
self.stream.read_until_regex(b"\r?\n\r?\n", self._on_headers)
def _release(self):
if self.release_callback is not None:
release_callback = self.release_callback
self.release_callback = None
release_callback()
def _run_callback(self, response):
self._release()
if self.final_callback is not None:
final_callback = self.final_callback
self.final_callback = None
self.io_loop.add_callback(final_callback, response)
def _handle_exception(self, typ, value, tb):
if self.final_callback:
self._remove_timeout()
self._run_callback(HTTPResponse(self.request, 599, error=value,
request_time=self.io_loop.time() - self.start_time,
))
if hasattr(self, "stream"):
self.stream.close()
return True
else:
# If our callback has already been called, we are probably
# catching an exception that is not caused by us but rather
# some child of our callback. Rather than drop it on the floor,
# pass it along.
return False
def _on_close(self):
if self.final_callback is not None:
message = "Connection closed"
if self.stream.error:
message = str(self.stream.error)
raise HTTPError(599, message)
def _handle_1xx(self, code):
self.stream.read_until_regex(b"\r?\n\r?\n", self._on_headers)
def _on_headers(self, data):
data = native_str(data.decode("latin1"))
first_line, _, header_data = data.partition("\n")
match = re.match("HTTP/1.[01] ([0-9]+) ([^\r]*)", first_line)
assert match
code = int(match.group(1))
self.headers = HTTPHeaders.parse(header_data)
if 100 <= code < 200:
self._handle_1xx(code)
return
else:
self.code = code
self.reason = match.group(2)
if "Content-Length" in self.headers:
if "," in self.headers["Content-Length"]:
# Proxies sometimes cause Content-Length headers to get
# duplicated. If all the values are identical then we can
# use them but if they differ it's an error.
pieces = re.split(r',\s*', self.headers["Content-Length"])
if any(i != pieces[0] for i in pieces):
raise ValueError("Multiple unequal Content-Lengths: %r" %
self.headers["Content-Length"])
self.headers["Content-Length"] = pieces[0]
content_length = int(self.headers["Content-Length"])
else:
content_length = None
if self.request.header_callback is not None:
# re-attach the newline we split on earlier
self.request.header_callback(first_line + _)
for k, v in self.headers.get_all():
self.request.header_callback("%s: %s\r\n" % (k, v))
self.request.header_callback('\r\n')
if self.request.method == "HEAD" or self.code == 304:
# HEAD requests and 304 responses never have content, even
# though they may have content-length headers
self._on_body(b"")
return
if 100 <= self.code < 200 or self.code == 204:
# These response codes never have bodies
# http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.3
if ("Transfer-Encoding" in self.headers or
content_length not in (None, 0)):
raise ValueError("Response with code %d should not have body" %
self.code)
self._on_body(b"")
return
if (self.request.use_gzip and
self.headers.get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip"):
self._decompressor = GzipDecompressor()
if self.headers.get("Transfer-Encoding") == "chunked":
self.chunks = []
self.stream.read_until(b"\r\n", self._on_chunk_length)
elif content_length is not None:
self.stream.read_bytes(content_length, self._on_body)
else:
self.stream.read_until_close(self._on_body)
def _on_body(self, data):
self._remove_timeout()
original_request = getattr(self.request, "original_request",
self.request)
if (self.request.follow_redirects and
self.request.max_redirects > 0 and
self.code in (301, 302, 303, 307)):
assert isinstance(self.request, _RequestProxy)
new_request = copy.copy(self.request.request)
new_request.url = urlparse.urljoin(self.request.url,
self.headers["Location"])
new_request.max_redirects = self.request.max_redirects - 1
del new_request.headers["Host"]
# http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.4
# Client SHOULD make a GET request after a 303.
# According to the spec, 302 should be followed by the same
# method as the original request, but in practice browsers
# treat 302 the same as 303, and many servers use 302 for
# compatibility with pre-HTTP/1.1 user agents which don't
# understand the 303 status.
if self.code in (302, 303):
new_request.method = "GET"
new_request.body = None
for h in ["Content-Length", "Content-Type",
"Content-Encoding", "Transfer-Encoding"]:
try:
del self.request.headers[h]
except KeyError:
pass
new_request.original_request = original_request
final_callback = self.final_callback
self.final_callback = None
self._release()
self.client.fetch(new_request, final_callback)
self._on_end_request()
return
if self._decompressor:
data = (self._decompressor.decompress(data) +
self._decompressor.flush())
if self.request.streaming_callback:
if self.chunks is None:
# if chunks is not None, we already called streaming_callback
# in _on_chunk_data
self.request.streaming_callback(data)
buffer = BytesIO()
else:
buffer = BytesIO(data) # TODO: don't require one big string?
response = HTTPResponse(original_request,
self.code, reason=self.reason,
headers=self.headers,
request_time=self.io_loop.time() - self.start_time,
buffer=buffer,
effective_url=self.request.url)
self._run_callback(response)
self._on_end_request()
def _on_end_request(self):
self.stream.close()
def _on_chunk_length(self, data):
# TODO: "chunk extensions" http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-3.6.1
length = int(data.strip(), 16)
if length == 0:
if self._decompressor is not None:
tail = self._decompressor.flush()
if tail:
# I believe the tail will always be empty (i.e.
# decompress will return all it can). The purpose
# of the flush call is to detect errors such
# as truncated input. But in case it ever returns
# anything, treat it as an extra chunk
if self.request.streaming_callback is not None:
self.request.streaming_callback(tail)
else:
self.chunks.append(tail)
# all the data has been decompressed, so we don't need to
# decompress again in _on_body
self._decompressor = None
self._on_body(b''.join(self.chunks))
else:
self.stream.read_bytes(length + 2, # chunk ends with \r\n
self._on_chunk_data)
def _on_chunk_data(self, data):
assert data[-2:] == b"\r\n"
chunk = data[:-2]
if self._decompressor:
chunk = self._decompressor.decompress(chunk)
if self.request.streaming_callback is not None:
self.request.streaming_callback(chunk)
else:
self.chunks.append(chunk)
self.stream.read_until(b"\r\n", self._on_chunk_length)
if __name__ == "__main__":
AsyncHTTPClient.configure(SimpleAsyncHTTPClient)
main()