# orm/events.py # Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors # # This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under # the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php """ORM event interfaces. """ from .. import event, exc, util from .base import _mapper_or_none import inspect import weakref from . import interfaces from . import mapperlib, instrumentation from .session import Session, sessionmaker from .scoping import scoped_session from .attributes import QueryableAttribute class InstrumentationEvents(event.Events): """Events related to class instrumentation events. The listeners here support being established against any new style class, that is any object that is a subclass of 'type'. Events will then be fired off for events against that class. If the "propagate=True" flag is passed to event.listen(), the event will fire off for subclasses of that class as well. The Python ``type`` builtin is also accepted as a target, which when used has the effect of events being emitted for all classes. Note the "propagate" flag here is defaulted to ``True``, unlike the other class level events where it defaults to ``False``. This means that new subclasses will also be the subject of these events, when a listener is established on a superclass. .. versionchanged:: 0.8 - events here will emit based on comparing the incoming class to the type of class passed to :func:`.event.listen`. Previously, the event would fire for any class unconditionally regardless of what class was sent for listening, despite documentation which stated the contrary. """ _target_class_doc = "SomeBaseClass" _dispatch_target = instrumentation.InstrumentationFactory @classmethod def _accept_with(cls, target): if isinstance(target, type): return _InstrumentationEventsHold(target) else: return None @classmethod def _listen(cls, event_key, propagate=True, **kw): target, identifier, fn = \ event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn def listen(target_cls, *arg): listen_cls = target() if propagate and issubclass(target_cls, listen_cls): return fn(target_cls, *arg) elif not propagate and target_cls is listen_cls: return fn(target_cls, *arg) def remove(ref): key = event.registry._EventKey(None, identifier, listen, instrumentation._instrumentation_factory) getattr(instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch, identifier).remove(key) target = weakref.ref(target.class_, remove) event_key.\ with_dispatch_target(instrumentation._instrumentation_factory).\ with_wrapper(listen).base_listen(**kw) @classmethod def _clear(cls): super(InstrumentationEvents, cls)._clear() instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch._clear() def class_instrument(self, cls): """Called after the given class is instrumented. To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use :func:`.manager_of_class`. """ def class_uninstrument(self, cls): """Called before the given class is uninstrumented. To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use :func:`.manager_of_class`. """ def attribute_instrument(self, cls, key, inst): """Called when an attribute is instrumented.""" class _InstrumentationEventsHold(object): """temporary marker object used to transfer from _accept_with() to _listen() on the InstrumentationEvents class. """ def __init__(self, class_): self.class_ = class_ dispatch = event.dispatcher(InstrumentationEvents) class InstanceEvents(event.Events): """Define events specific to object lifecycle. e.g.:: from sqlalchemy import event def my_load_listener(target, context): print "on load!" event.listen(SomeClass, 'load', my_load_listener) Available targets include: * mapped classes * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes (using the ``propagate=True`` flag) * :class:`.Mapper` objects * the :class:`.Mapper` class itself and the :func:`.mapper` function indicate listening for all mappers. .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 instance events can be associated with unmapped superclasses of mapped classes. Instance events are closely related to mapper events, but are more specific to the instance and its instrumentation, rather than its system of persistence. When using :class:`.InstanceEvents`, several modifiers are available to the :func:`.event.listen` function. :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should be applied to all inheriting classes as well as the class which is the target of this listener. :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed to applicable event listener functions will be the instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management object, rather than the mapped instance itself. """ _target_class_doc = "SomeClass" _dispatch_target = instrumentation.ClassManager @classmethod def _new_classmanager_instance(cls, class_, classmanager): _InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, classmanager) @classmethod @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm") def _accept_with(cls, orm, target): if isinstance(target, instrumentation.ClassManager): return target elif isinstance(target, mapperlib.Mapper): return target.class_manager elif target is orm.mapper: return instrumentation.ClassManager elif isinstance(target, type): if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper): return instrumentation.ClassManager else: manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target) if manager: return manager else: return _InstanceEventsHold(target) return None @classmethod def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, propagate=False, **kw): target, identifier, fn = \ event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn if not raw: def wrap(state, *arg, **kw): return fn(state.obj(), *arg, **kw) event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap) event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, **kw) if propagate: for mgr in target.subclass_managers(True): event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr).base_listen(propagate=True) @classmethod def _clear(cls): super(InstanceEvents, cls)._clear() _InstanceEventsHold._clear() def first_init(self, manager, cls): """Called when the first instance of a particular mapping is called. """ def init(self, target, args, kwargs): """Receive an instance when it's constructor is called. This method is only called during a userland construction of an object. It is not called when an object is loaded from the database. """ def init_failure(self, target, args, kwargs): """Receive an instance when it's constructor has been called, and raised an exception. This method is only called during a userland construction of an object. It is not called when an object is loaded from the database. """ def load(self, target, context): """Receive an object instance after it has been created via ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has occurred. This typically occurs when the instance is created based on incoming result rows, and is only called once for that instance's lifetime. Note that during a result-row load, this method is called upon the first row received for this instance. Note that some attributes and collections may or may not be loaded or even initialized, depending on what's present in the result rows. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the current :class:`.Query` in progress. This argument may be ``None`` if the load does not correspond to a :class:`.Query`, such as during :meth:`.Session.merge`. """ def refresh(self, target, context, attrs): """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes have been refreshed from a query. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the current :class:`.Query` in progress. :param attrs: iterable collection of attribute names which were populated, or None if all column-mapped, non-deferred attributes were populated. """ def expire(self, target, attrs): """Receive an object instance after its attributes or some subset have been expired. 'keys' is a list of attribute names. If None, the entire state was expired. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :param attrs: iterable collection of attribute names which were expired, or None if all attributes were expired. """ def resurrect(self, target): """Receive an object instance as it is 'resurrected' from garbage collection, which occurs when a "dirty" state falls out of scope. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. """ def pickle(self, target, state_dict): """Receive an object instance when its associated state is being pickled. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :param state_dict: the dictionary returned by :class:`.InstanceState.__getstate__`, containing the state to be pickled. """ def unpickle(self, target, state_dict): """Receive an object instance after it's associated state has been unpickled. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :param state_dict: the dictionary sent to :class:`.InstanceState.__setstate__`, containing the state dictionary which was pickled. """ class _EventsHold(event.RefCollection): """Hold onto listeners against unmapped, uninstrumented classes. Establish _listen() for that class' mapper/instrumentation when those objects are created for that class. """ def __init__(self, class_): self.class_ = class_ @classmethod def _clear(cls): cls.all_holds.clear() class HoldEvents(object): _dispatch_target = None @classmethod def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, propagate=False, **kw): target, identifier, fn = \ event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn if target.class_ in target.all_holds: collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] else: collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] = {} event.registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, target) collection[event_key._key] = (event_key, raw, propagate) if propagate: stack = list(target.class_.__subclasses__()) while stack: subclass = stack.pop(0) stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__()) subject = target.resolve(subclass) if subject is not None: # we are already going through __subclasses__() # so leave generic propagate flag False event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).\ listen(raw=raw, propagate=False, **kw) def remove(self, event_key): target, identifier, fn = \ event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn if isinstance(target, _EventsHold): collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] del collection[event_key._key] @classmethod def populate(cls, class_, subject): for subclass in class_.__mro__: if subclass in cls.all_holds: collection = cls.all_holds[subclass] for event_key, raw, propagate in collection.values(): if propagate or subclass is class_: # since we can't be sure in what order different classes # in a hierarchy are triggered with populate(), # we rely upon _EventsHold for all event # assignment, instead of using the generic propagate # flag. event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).\ listen(raw=raw, propagate=False) class _InstanceEventsHold(_EventsHold): all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() def resolve(self, class_): return instrumentation.manager_of_class(class_) class HoldInstanceEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents, InstanceEvents): pass dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldInstanceEvents) class MapperEvents(event.Events): """Define events specific to mappings. e.g.:: from sqlalchemy import event def my_before_insert_listener(mapper, connection, target): # execute a stored procedure upon INSERT, # apply the value to the row to be inserted target.calculated_value = connection.scalar( "select my_special_function(%d)" % target.special_number) # associate the listener function with SomeClass, # to execute during the "before_insert" hook event.listen( SomeClass, 'before_insert', my_before_insert_listener) Available targets include: * mapped classes * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes (using the ``propagate=True`` flag) * :class:`.Mapper` objects * the :class:`.Mapper` class itself and the :func:`.mapper` function indicate listening for all mappers. .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 mapper events can be associated with unmapped superclasses of mapped classes. Mapper events provide hooks into critical sections of the mapper, including those related to object instrumentation, object loading, and object persistence. In particular, the persistence methods :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_insert`, and :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` are popular places to augment the state being persisted - however, these methods operate with several significant restrictions. The user is encouraged to evaluate the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` and :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` methods as more flexible and user-friendly hooks in which to apply additional database state during a flush. When using :class:`.MapperEvents`, several modifiers are available to the :func:`.event.listen` function. :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should be applied to all inheriting mappers and/or the mappers of inheriting classes, as well as any mapper which is the target of this listener. :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed to applicable event listener functions will be the instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management object, rather than the mapped instance itself. :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event function must have a return value, the purpose of which is either to control subsequent event propagation, or to otherwise alter the operation in progress by the mapper. Possible return values are: * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE`` - continue event processing normally. * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_STOP`` - cancel all subsequent event handlers in the chain. * other values - the return value specified by specific listeners, such as :meth:`~.MapperEvents.translate_row` or :meth:`~.MapperEvents.create_instance`. """ _target_class_doc = "SomeClass" _dispatch_target = mapperlib.Mapper @classmethod def _new_mapper_instance(cls, class_, mapper): _MapperEventsHold.populate(class_, mapper) @classmethod @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm") def _accept_with(cls, orm, target): if target is orm.mapper: return mapperlib.Mapper elif isinstance(target, type): if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper): return target else: mapper = _mapper_or_none(target) if mapper is not None: return mapper else: return _MapperEventsHold(target) else: return target @classmethod def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, retval=False, propagate=False, **kw): target, identifier, fn = \ event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn if identifier in ("before_configured", "after_configured") and \ target is not mapperlib.Mapper: util.warn( "'before_configured' and 'after_configured' ORM events " "only invoke with the mapper() function or Mapper class " "as the target.") if not raw or not retval: if not raw: meth = getattr(cls, identifier) try: target_index = \ inspect.getargspec(meth)[0].index('target') - 1 except ValueError: target_index = None def wrap(*arg, **kw): if not raw and target_index is not None: arg = list(arg) arg[target_index] = arg[target_index].obj() if not retval: fn(*arg, **kw) return interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE else: return fn(*arg, **kw) event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap) if propagate: for mapper in target.self_and_descendants: event_key.with_dispatch_target(mapper).base_listen( propagate=True, **kw) else: event_key.base_listen(**kw) @classmethod def _clear(cls): super(MapperEvents, cls)._clear() _MapperEventsHold._clear() def instrument_class(self, mapper, class_): """Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed, before instrumentation is applied to the mapped class. This event is the earliest phase of mapper construction. Most attributes of the mapper are not yet initialized. This listener can either be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class overall, or to any un-mapped class which serves as a base for classes that will be mapped (using the ``propagate=True`` flag):: Base = declarative_base() @event.listens_for(Base, "instrument_class", propagate=True) def on_new_class(mapper, cls_): " ... " :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param class\_: the mapped class. """ def mapper_configured(self, mapper, class_): """Called when the mapper for the class is fully configured. This event is the latest phase of mapper construction, and is invoked when the mapped classes are first used, so that relationships between mappers can be resolved. When the event is called, the mapper should be in its final state. While the configuration event normally occurs automatically, it can be forced to occur ahead of time, in the case where the event is needed before any actual mapper usage, by using the :func:`.configure_mappers` function. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param class\_: the mapped class. """ # TODO: need coverage for this event def before_configured(self): """Called before a series of mappers have been configured. This corresponds to the :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` call, which note is usually called automatically as mappings are first used. This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class or :func:`.mapper` function, and not to individual mappings or mapped classes. It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole:: from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured") def go(): # ... Theoretically this event is called once per application, but is actually called any time new mappers are to be affected by a :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` call. If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have already been used, this event can be called again. To ensure that a particular event is only called once and no further, the ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied:: from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured", once=True) def go(): # ... .. versionadded:: 0.9.3 """ def after_configured(self): """Called after a series of mappers have been configured. This corresponds to the :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` call, which note is usually called automatically as mappings are first used. This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class or :func:`.mapper` function, and not to individual mappings or mapped classes. It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole:: from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured") def go(): # ... Theoretically this event is called once per application, but is actually called any time new mappers have been affected by a :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` call. If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have already been used, this event can be called again. To ensure that a particular event is only called once and no further, the ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied:: from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured", once=True) def go(): # ... """ def translate_row(self, mapper, context, row): """Perform pre-processing on the given result row and return a new row instance. This listener is typically registered with ``retval=True``. It is called when the mapper first receives a row, before the object identity or the instance itself has been derived from that row. The given row may or may not be a :class:`.RowProxy` object - it will always be a dictionary-like object which contains mapped columns as keys. The returned object should also be a dictionary-like object which recognizes mapped columns as keys. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well as additional state information. :param row: the result row being handled. This may be an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing :class:`.Column` objects as keys. :return: When configured with ``retval=True``, the function should return a dictionary-like row object, or ``EXT_CONTINUE``, indicating the original row should be used. """ def create_instance(self, mapper, context, row, class_): """Receive a row when a new object instance is about to be created from that row. The method can choose to create the instance itself, or it can return EXT_CONTINUE to indicate normal object creation should take place. This listener is typically registered with ``retval=True``. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well as additional state information. :param row: the result row being handled. This may be an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing :class:`.Column` objects as keys. :param class\_: the mapped class. :return: When configured with ``retval=True``, the return value should be a newly created instance of the mapped class, or ``EXT_CONTINUE`` indicating that default object construction should take place. """ def append_result(self, mapper, context, row, target, result, **flags): """Receive an object instance before that instance is appended to a result list. This is a rarely used hook which can be used to alter the construction of a result list returned by :class:`.Query`. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well as additional state information. :param row: the result row being handled. This may be an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing :class:`.Column` objects as keys. :param target: the mapped instance being populated. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :param result: a list-like object where results are being appended. :param \**flags: Additional state information about the current handling of the row. :return: If this method is registered with ``retval=True``, a return value of ``EXT_STOP`` will prevent the instance from being appended to the given result list, whereas a return value of ``EXT_CONTINUE`` will result in the default behavior of appending the value to the result list. """ def populate_instance(self, mapper, context, row, target, **flags): """Receive an instance before that instance has its attributes populated. This usually corresponds to a newly loaded instance but may also correspond to an already-loaded instance which has unloaded attributes to be populated. The method may be called many times for a single instance, as multiple result rows are used to populate eagerly loaded collections. Most usages of this hook are obsolete. For a generic "object has been newly created from a row" hook, use :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext`, which includes a handle to the current :class:`.Query` in progress as well as additional state information. :param row: the result row being handled. This may be an actual :class:`.RowProxy` or may be a dictionary containing :class:`.Column` objects as keys. :param target: the mapped instance. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: When configured with ``retval=True``, a return value of ``EXT_STOP`` will bypass instance population by the mapper. A value of ``EXT_CONTINUE`` indicates that default instance population should take place. """ def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, target): """Receive an object instance before an INSERT statement is emitted corresponding to that instance. This event is used to modify local, non-object related attributes on the instance before an INSERT occurs, as well as to emit additional SQL statements on the given connection. The event is often called for a batch of objects of the same class before their INSERT statements are emitted at once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause batches of instances to be broken up into individual (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event steps. .. warning:: Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes local to the immediate object being handled and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it always known if the related class has already been handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include: * :meth:`.Session.add` * :meth:`.Session.delete` * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc. * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events, i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject`` Operations which manipulate the state of the object relative to other objects are better handled: * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or another method designed to establish some particular state. * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators` * Within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to emit INSERT statements for this instance. This provides a handle into the current transaction on the target database specific to this instance. :param target: the mapped instance being persisted. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: No return value is supported by this event. """ def after_insert(self, mapper, connection, target): """Receive an object instance after an INSERT statement is emitted corresponding to that instance. This event is used to modify in-Python-only state on the instance after an INSERT occurs, as well as to emit additional SQL statements on the given connection. The event is often called for a batch of objects of the same class after their INSERT statements have been emitted at once in a previous step. In the extremely rare case that this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause batches of instances to be broken up into individual (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event steps. .. warning:: Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes local to the immediate object being handled and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it always known if the related class has already been handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include: * :meth:`.Session.add` * :meth:`.Session.delete` * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc. * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events, i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject`` Operations which manipulate the state of the object relative to other objects are better handled: * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or another method designed to establish some particular state. * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators` * Within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to emit INSERT statements for this instance. This provides a handle into the current transaction on the target database specific to this instance. :param target: the mapped instance being persisted. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: No return value is supported by this event. """ def before_update(self, mapper, connection, target): """Receive an object instance before an UPDATE statement is emitted corresponding to that instance. This event is used to modify local, non-object related attributes on the instance before an UPDATE occurs, as well as to emit additional SQL statements on the given connection. This method is called for all instances that are marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes to their column-based attributes*. An object is marked as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a "set attribute" operation called or when any of its collections are modified. If, at update time, no column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE statement will be issued. This means that an instance being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` is *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be issued, although you can affect the outcome here by modifying attributes so that a net change in value does exist. To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance, include_collections=False)``. The event is often called for a batch of objects of the same class before their UPDATE statements are emitted at once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause batches of instances to be broken up into individual (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event steps. .. warning:: Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes local to the immediate object being handled and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it always known if the related class has already been handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include: * :meth:`.Session.add` * :meth:`.Session.delete` * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc. * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events, i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject`` Operations which manipulate the state of the object relative to other objects are better handled: * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or another method designed to establish some particular state. * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators` * Within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to emit UPDATE statements for this instance. This provides a handle into the current transaction on the target database specific to this instance. :param target: the mapped instance being persisted. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: No return value is supported by this event. """ def after_update(self, mapper, connection, target): """Receive an object instance after an UPDATE statement is emitted corresponding to that instance. This event is used to modify in-Python-only state on the instance after an UPDATE occurs, as well as to emit additional SQL statements on the given connection. This method is called for all instances that are marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes to their column-based attributes*, and for which no UPDATE statement has proceeded. An object is marked as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a "set attribute" operation called or when any of its collections are modified. If, at update time, no column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE statement will be issued. This means that an instance being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.after_update` is *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement has been issued. To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net changes, and therefore resulted in an UPDATE statement, use ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance, include_collections=False)``. The event is often called for a batch of objects of the same class after their UPDATE statements have been emitted at once in a previous step. In the extremely rare case that this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause batches of instances to be broken up into individual (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event steps. .. warning:: Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes local to the immediate object being handled and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it always known if the related class has already been handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include: * :meth:`.Session.add` * :meth:`.Session.delete` * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc. * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events, i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject`` Operations which manipulate the state of the object relative to other objects are better handled: * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or another method designed to establish some particular state. * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators` * Within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to emit UPDATE statements for this instance. This provides a handle into the current transaction on the target database specific to this instance. :param target: the mapped instance being persisted. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: No return value is supported by this event. """ def before_delete(self, mapper, connection, target): """Receive an object instance before a DELETE statement is emitted corresponding to that instance. This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on the given connection as well as to perform application specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event. The event is often called for a batch of objects of the same class before their DELETE statements are emitted at once in a later step. .. warning:: Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes local to the immediate object being handled and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it always known if the related class has already been handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include: * :meth:`.Session.add` * :meth:`.Session.delete` * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc. * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events, i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject`` Operations which manipulate the state of the object relative to other objects are better handled: * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or another method designed to establish some particular state. * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators` * Within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to emit DELETE statements for this instance. This provides a handle into the current transaction on the target database specific to this instance. :param target: the mapped instance being deleted. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: No return value is supported by this event. """ def after_delete(self, mapper, connection, target): """Receive an object instance after a DELETE statement has been emitted corresponding to that instance. This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on the given connection as well as to perform application specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event. The event is often called for a batch of objects of the same class after their DELETE statements have been emitted at once in a previous step. .. warning:: Mapper-level flush events are designed to operate **on attributes local to the immediate object being handled and via SQL operations with the given** :class:`.Connection` **only.** Handlers here should **not** make alterations to the state of the :class:`.Session` overall, and in general should not affect any :func:`.relationship` -mapped attributes, as session cascade rules will not function properly, nor is it always known if the related class has already been handled. Operations that **are not supported in mapper events** include: * :meth:`.Session.add` * :meth:`.Session.delete` * Mapped collection append, add, remove, delete, discard, etc. * Mapped relationship attribute set/del events, i.e. ``someobject.related = someotherobject`` Operations which manipulate the state of the object relative to other objects are better handled: * In the ``__init__()`` method of the mapped object itself, or another method designed to establish some particular state. * In a ``@validates`` handler, see :ref:`simple_validators` * Within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event. :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target of this event. :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to emit DELETE statements for this instance. This provides a handle into the current transaction on the target database specific to this instance. :param target: the mapped instance being deleted. If the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management object associated with the instance. :return: No return value is supported by this event. """ class _MapperEventsHold(_EventsHold): all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() def resolve(self, class_): return _mapper_or_none(class_) class HoldMapperEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents, MapperEvents): pass dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldMapperEvents) class SessionEvents(event.Events): """Define events specific to :class:`.Session` lifecycle. e.g.:: from sqlalchemy import event from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker def my_before_commit(session): print "before commit!" Session = sessionmaker() event.listen(Session, "before_commit", my_before_commit) The :func:`~.event.listen` function will accept :class:`.Session` objects as well as the return result of :class:`~.sessionmaker()` and :class:`~.scoped_session()`. Additionally, it accepts the :class:`.Session` class which will apply listeners to all :class:`.Session` instances globally. """ _target_class_doc = "SomeSessionOrFactory" _dispatch_target = Session @classmethod def _accept_with(cls, target): if isinstance(target, scoped_session): target = target.session_factory if not isinstance(target, sessionmaker) and \ ( not isinstance(target, type) or not issubclass(target, Session) ): raise exc.ArgumentError( "Session event listen on a scoped_session " "requires that its creation callable " "is associated with the Session class.") if isinstance(target, sessionmaker): return target.class_ elif isinstance(target, type): if issubclass(target, scoped_session): return Session elif issubclass(target, Session): return target elif isinstance(target, Session): return target else: return None def after_transaction_create(self, session, transaction): """Execute when a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created. This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin` in that it occurs for each :class:`.SessionTransaction` overall, as opposed to when transactions are begun on individual database connections. It is also invoked for nested transactions and subtransactions, and is always matched by a corresponding :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` event (assuming normal operation of the :class:`.Session`). :param session: the target :class:`.Session`. :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`. .. versionadded:: 0.8 .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` """ def after_transaction_end(self, session, transaction): """Execute when the span of a :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends. This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` in that it corresponds to all :class:`.SessionTransaction` objects in use, including those for nested transactions and subtransactions, and is always matched by a corresponding :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` event. :param session: the target :class:`.Session`. :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`. .. versionadded:: 0.8 .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` """ def before_commit(self, session): """Execute before commit is called. .. note:: The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` hook is *not* per-flush, that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database many times within the scope of a transaction. For interception of these events, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`, :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec` events. :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` """ def after_commit(self, session): """Execute after a commit has occurred. .. note:: The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` hook is *not* per-flush, that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database many times within the scope of a transaction. For interception of these events, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`, :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec` events. .. note:: The :class:`.Session` is not in an active tranasction when the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` event is invoked, and therefore can not emit SQL. To emit SQL corresponding to every transaction, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` event. :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` """ def after_rollback(self, session): """Execute after a real DBAPI rollback has occurred. Note that this event only fires when the *actual* rollback against the database occurs - it does *not* fire each time the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method is called, if the underlying DBAPI transaction has already been rolled back. In many cases, the :class:`.Session` will not be in an "active" state during this event, as the current transaction is not valid. To acquire a :class:`.Session` which is active after the outermost rollback has proceeded, use the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback` event, checking the :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag. :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. """ def after_soft_rollback(self, session, previous_transaction): """Execute after any rollback has occurred, including "soft" rollbacks that don't actually emit at the DBAPI level. This corresponds to both nested and outer rollbacks, i.e. the innermost rollback that calls the DBAPI's rollback() method, as well as the enclosing rollback calls that only pop themselves from the transaction stack. The given :class:`.Session` can be used to invoke SQL and :meth:`.Session.query` operations after an outermost rollback by first checking the :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag:: @event.listens_for(Session, "after_soft_rollback") def do_something(session, previous_transaction): if session.is_active: session.execute("select * from some_table") :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. :param previous_transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction` transactional marker object which was just closed. The current :class:`.SessionTransaction` for the given :class:`.Session` is available via the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute. .. versionadded:: 0.7.3 """ def before_flush(self, session, flush_context, instances): """Execute before flush process has started. :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object which handles the details of the flush. :param instances: Usually ``None``, this is the collection of objects which can be passed to the :meth:`.Session.flush` method (note this usage is deprecated). .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec` """ def after_flush(self, session, flush_context): """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been called. Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well as the history settings on instance attributes. :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object which handles the details of the flush. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec` """ def after_flush_postexec(self, session, flush_context): """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec state occurs. This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in their final state. An actual commit() may or may not have occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own transaction or participated in a larger transaction. :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object which handles the details of the flush. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush` """ def after_begin(self, session, transaction, connection): """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection :param session: The target :class:`.Session`. :param transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`. :param connection: The :class:`~.engine.Connection` object which will be used for SQL statements. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` """ def before_attach(self, session, instance): """Execute before an instance is attached to a session. This is called before an add, delete or merge causes the object to be part of the session. .. versionadded:: 0.8. Note that :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach` now fires off after the item is part of the session. :meth:`.before_attach` is provided for those cases where the item should not yet be part of the session state. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach` """ def after_attach(self, session, instance): """Execute after an instance is attached to a session. This is called after an add, delete or merge. .. note:: As of 0.8, this event fires off *after* the item has been fully associated with the session, which is different than previous releases. For event handlers that require the object not yet be part of session state (such as handlers which may autoflush while the target object is not yet complete) consider the new :meth:`.before_attach` event. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_attach` """ @event._legacy_signature("0.9", ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"], lambda update_context: ( update_context.session, update_context.query, update_context.context, update_context.result)) def after_bulk_update(self, update_context): """Execute after a bulk update operation to the session. This is called as a result of the :meth:`.Query.update` method. :param update_context: an "update context" object which contains details about the update, including these attributes: * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved * ``query`` -the :class:`.Query` object that this update operation was called upon. * ``context`` The :class:`.QueryContext` object, corresponding to the invocation of an ORM query. * ``result`` the :class:`.ResultProxy` returned as a result of the bulk UPDATE operation. """ @event._legacy_signature("0.9", ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"], lambda delete_context: ( delete_context.session, delete_context.query, delete_context.context, delete_context.result)) def after_bulk_delete(self, delete_context): """Execute after a bulk delete operation to the session. This is called as a result of the :meth:`.Query.delete` method. :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which contains details about the update, including these attributes: * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved * ``query`` -the :class:`.Query` object that this update operation was called upon. * ``context`` The :class:`.QueryContext` object, corresponding to the invocation of an ORM query. * ``result`` the :class:`.ResultProxy` returned as a result of the bulk DELETE operation. """ class AttributeEvents(event.Events): """Define events for object attributes. These are typically defined on the class-bound descriptor for the target class. e.g.:: from sqlalchemy import event def my_append_listener(target, value, initiator): print "received append event for target: %s" % target event.listen(MyClass.collection, 'append', my_append_listener) Listeners have the option to return a possibly modified version of the value, when the ``retval=True`` flag is passed to :func:`~.event.listen`:: def validate_phone(target, value, oldvalue, initiator): "Strip non-numeric characters from a phone number" return re.sub(r'(?![0-9])', '', value) # setup listener on UserContact.phone attribute, instructing # it to use the return value listen(UserContact.phone, 'set', validate_phone, retval=True) A validation function like the above can also raise an exception such as :exc:`ValueError` to halt the operation. Several modifiers are available to the :func:`~.event.listen` function. :param active_history=False: When True, indicates that the "set" event would like to receive the "old" value being replaced unconditionally, even if this requires firing off database loads. Note that ``active_history`` can also be set directly via :func:`.column_property` and :func:`.relationship`. :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will be established not just for the class attribute given, but for attributes of the same name on all current subclasses of that class, as well as all future subclasses of that class, using an additional listener that listens for instrumentation events. :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument to the event will be the :class:`.InstanceState` management object, rather than the mapped instance itself. :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event listening must return the "value" argument from the function. This gives the listening function the opportunity to change the value that is ultimately used for a "set" or "append" event. """ _target_class_doc = "SomeClass.some_attribute" _dispatch_target = QueryableAttribute @staticmethod def _set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls): event.Events._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls) dispatch_cls._active_history = False @classmethod def _accept_with(cls, target): # TODO: coverage if isinstance(target, interfaces.MapperProperty): return getattr(target.parent.class_, target.key) else: return target @classmethod def _listen(cls, event_key, active_history=False, raw=False, retval=False, propagate=False): target, identifier, fn = \ event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn if active_history: target.dispatch._active_history = True if not raw or not retval: def wrap(target, value, *arg): if not raw: target = target.obj() if not retval: fn(target, value, *arg) return value else: return fn(target, value, *arg) event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap) event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate) if propagate: manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target.class_) for mgr in manager.subclass_managers(True): event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr[target.key]).base_listen(propagate=True) def append(self, target, value, initiator): """Receive a collection append event. :param target: the object instance receiving the event. If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will be the :class:`.InstanceState` object. :param value: the value being appended. If this listener is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener function must return this value, or a new value which replaces it. :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event` representing the initiation of the event. May be modified from its original value by backref handlers in order to control chained event propagation. .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked events. :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``, the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned. """ def remove(self, target, value, initiator): """Receive a collection remove event. :param target: the object instance receiving the event. If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will be the :class:`.InstanceState` object. :param value: the value being removed. :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event` representing the initiation of the event. May be modified from its original value by backref handlers in order to control chained event propagation. .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked events. :return: No return value is defined for this event. """ def set(self, target, value, oldvalue, initiator): """Receive a scalar set event. :param target: the object instance receiving the event. If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will be the :class:`.InstanceState` object. :param value: the value being set. If this listener is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener function must return this value, or a new value which replaces it. :param oldvalue: the previous value being replaced. This may also be the symbol ``NEVER_SET`` or ``NO_VALUE``. If the listener is registered with ``active_history=True``, the previous value of the attribute will be loaded from the database if the existing value is currently unloaded or expired. :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event` representing the initiation of the event. May be modified from its original value by backref handlers in order to control chained event propagation. .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked events. :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``, the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned. """