# # Copyright 2009 Facebook # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may # not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain # a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT # WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the # License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations # under the License. """Escaping/unescaping methods for HTML, JSON, URLs, and others. Also includes a few other miscellaneous string manipulation functions that have crept in over time. """ import html.entities import json import re import urllib.parse from tornado.util import unicode_type import typing from typing import Union, Any, Optional, Dict, List, Callable _XHTML_ESCAPE_RE = re.compile("[&<>\"']") _XHTML_ESCAPE_DICT = { "&": "&", "<": "<", ">": ">", '"': """, "'": "'", } def xhtml_escape(value: Union[str, bytes]) -> str: """Escapes a string so it is valid within HTML or XML. Escapes the characters ``<``, ``>``, ``"``, ``'``, and ``&``. When used in attribute values the escaped strings must be enclosed in quotes. .. versionchanged:: 3.2 Added the single quote to the list of escaped characters. """ return _XHTML_ESCAPE_RE.sub( lambda match: _XHTML_ESCAPE_DICT[match.group(0)], to_basestring(value) ) def xhtml_unescape(value: Union[str, bytes]) -> str: """Un-escapes an XML-escaped string.""" return re.sub(r"&(#?)(\w+?);", _convert_entity, _unicode(value)) # The fact that json_encode wraps json.dumps is an implementation detail. # Please see https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/pull/706 # before sending a pull request that adds **kwargs to this function. def json_encode(value: Any) -> str: """JSON-encodes the given Python object.""" # JSON permits but does not require forward slashes to be escaped. # This is useful when json data is emitted in a <script> tag # in HTML, as it prevents </script> tags from prematurely terminating # the JavaScript. Some json libraries do this escaping by default, # although python's standard library does not, so we do it here. # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1580647/json-why-are-forward-slashes-escaped return json.dumps(value).replace("</", "<\\/") def json_decode(value: Union[str, bytes]) -> Any: """Returns Python objects for the given JSON string. Supports both `str` and `bytes` inputs. """ return json.loads(to_basestring(value)) def squeeze(value: str) -> str: """Replace all sequences of whitespace chars with a single space.""" return re.sub(r"[\x00-\x20]+", " ", value).strip() def url_escape(value: Union[str, bytes], plus: bool = True) -> str: """Returns a URL-encoded version of the given value. If ``plus`` is true (the default), spaces will be represented as "+" instead of "%20". This is appropriate for query strings but not for the path component of a URL. Note that this default is the reverse of Python's urllib module. .. versionadded:: 3.1 The ``plus`` argument """ quote = urllib.parse.quote_plus if plus else urllib.parse.quote return quote(utf8(value)) @typing.overload def url_unescape(value: Union[str, bytes], encoding: None, plus: bool = True) -> bytes: pass @typing.overload # noqa: F811 def url_unescape( value: Union[str, bytes], encoding: str = "utf-8", plus: bool = True ) -> str: pass def url_unescape( # noqa: F811 value: Union[str, bytes], encoding: Optional[str] = "utf-8", plus: bool = True ) -> Union[str, bytes]: """Decodes the given value from a URL. The argument may be either a byte or unicode string. If encoding is None, the result will be a byte string. Otherwise, the result is a unicode string in the specified encoding. If ``plus`` is true (the default), plus signs will be interpreted as spaces (literal plus signs must be represented as "%2B"). This is appropriate for query strings and form-encoded values but not for the path component of a URL. Note that this default is the reverse of Python's urllib module. .. versionadded:: 3.1 The ``plus`` argument """ if encoding is None: if plus: # unquote_to_bytes doesn't have a _plus variant value = to_basestring(value).replace("+", " ") return urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes(value) else: unquote = urllib.parse.unquote_plus if plus else urllib.parse.unquote return unquote(to_basestring(value), encoding=encoding) def parse_qs_bytes( qs: Union[str, bytes], keep_blank_values: bool = False, strict_parsing: bool = False ) -> Dict[str, List[bytes]]: """Parses a query string like urlparse.parse_qs, but takes bytes and returns the values as byte strings. Keys still become type str (interpreted as latin1 in python3!) because it's too painful to keep them as byte strings in python3 and in practice they're nearly always ascii anyway. """ # This is gross, but python3 doesn't give us another way. # Latin1 is the universal donor of character encodings. if isinstance(qs, bytes): qs = qs.decode("latin1") result = urllib.parse.parse_qs( qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing, encoding="latin1", errors="strict" ) encoded = {} for k, v in result.items(): encoded[k] = [i.encode("latin1") for i in v] return encoded _UTF8_TYPES = (bytes, type(None)) @typing.overload def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: pass @typing.overload # noqa: F811 def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: pass @typing.overload # noqa: F811 def utf8(value: None) -> None: pass def utf8(value: Union[None, str, bytes]) -> Optional[bytes]: # noqa: F811 """Converts a string argument to a byte string. If the argument is already a byte string or None, it is returned unchanged. Otherwise it must be a unicode string and is encoded as utf8. """ if isinstance(value, _UTF8_TYPES): return value if not isinstance(value, unicode_type): raise TypeError("Expected bytes, unicode, or None; got %r" % type(value)) return value.encode("utf-8") _TO_UNICODE_TYPES = (unicode_type, type(None)) @typing.overload def to_unicode(value: str) -> str: pass @typing.overload # noqa: F811 def to_unicode(value: bytes) -> str: pass @typing.overload # noqa: F811 def to_unicode(value: None) -> None: pass def to_unicode(value: Union[None, str, bytes]) -> Optional[str]: # noqa: F811 """Converts a string argument to a unicode string. If the argument is already a unicode string or None, it is returned unchanged. Otherwise it must be a byte string and is decoded as utf8. """ if isinstance(value, _TO_UNICODE_TYPES): return value if not isinstance(value, bytes): raise TypeError("Expected bytes, unicode, or None; got %r" % type(value)) return value.decode("utf-8") # to_unicode was previously named _unicode not because it was private, # but to avoid conflicts with the built-in unicode() function/type _unicode = to_unicode # When dealing with the standard library across python 2 and 3 it is # sometimes useful to have a direct conversion to the native string type native_str = to_unicode to_basestring = to_unicode def recursive_unicode(obj: Any) -> Any: """Walks a simple data structure, converting byte strings to unicode. Supports lists, tuples, and dictionaries. """ if isinstance(obj, dict): return dict( (recursive_unicode(k), recursive_unicode(v)) for (k, v) in obj.items() ) elif isinstance(obj, list): return list(recursive_unicode(i) for i in obj) elif isinstance(obj, tuple): return tuple(recursive_unicode(i) for i in obj) elif isinstance(obj, bytes): return to_unicode(obj) else: return obj # I originally used the regex from # http://daringfireball.net/2010/07/improved_regex_for_matching_urls # but it gets all exponential on certain patterns (such as too many trailing # dots), causing the regex matcher to never return. # This regex should avoid those problems. # Use to_unicode instead of tornado.util.u - we don't want backslashes getting # processed as escapes. _URL_RE = re.compile( to_unicode( r"""\b((?:([\w-]+):(/{1,3})|www[.])(?:(?:(?:[^\s&()]|&|")*(?:[^!"#$%&'()*+,.:;<=>?@\[\]^`{|}~\s]))|(?:\((?:[^\s&()]|&|")*\)))+)""" # noqa: E501 ) ) def linkify( text: Union[str, bytes], shorten: bool = False, extra_params: Union[str, Callable[[str], str]] = "", require_protocol: bool = False, permitted_protocols: List[str] = ["http", "https"], ) -> str: """Converts plain text into HTML with links. For example: ``linkify("Hello http://tornadoweb.org!")`` would return ``Hello <a href="http://tornadoweb.org">http://tornadoweb.org</a>!`` Parameters: * ``shorten``: Long urls will be shortened for display. * ``extra_params``: Extra text to include in the link tag, or a callable taking the link as an argument and returning the extra text e.g. ``linkify(text, extra_params='rel="nofollow" class="external"')``, or:: def extra_params_cb(url): if url.startswith("http://example.com"): return 'class="internal"' else: return 'class="external" rel="nofollow"' linkify(text, extra_params=extra_params_cb) * ``require_protocol``: Only linkify urls which include a protocol. If this is False, urls such as www.facebook.com will also be linkified. * ``permitted_protocols``: List (or set) of protocols which should be linkified, e.g. ``linkify(text, permitted_protocols=["http", "ftp", "mailto"])``. It is very unsafe to include protocols such as ``javascript``. """ if extra_params and not callable(extra_params): extra_params = " " + extra_params.strip() def make_link(m: typing.Match) -> str: url = m.group(1) proto = m.group(2) if require_protocol and not proto: return url # not protocol, no linkify if proto and proto not in permitted_protocols: return url # bad protocol, no linkify href = m.group(1) if not proto: href = "http://" + href # no proto specified, use http if callable(extra_params): params = " " + extra_params(href).strip() else: params = extra_params # clip long urls. max_len is just an approximation max_len = 30 if shorten and len(url) > max_len: before_clip = url if proto: proto_len = len(proto) + 1 + len(m.group(3) or "") # +1 for : else: proto_len = 0 parts = url[proto_len:].split("/") if len(parts) > 1: # Grab the whole host part plus the first bit of the path # The path is usually not that interesting once shortened # (no more slug, etc), so it really just provides a little # extra indication of shortening. url = ( url[:proto_len] + parts[0] + "/" + parts[1][:8].split("?")[0].split(".")[0] ) if len(url) > max_len * 1.5: # still too long url = url[:max_len] if url != before_clip: amp = url.rfind("&") # avoid splitting html char entities if amp > max_len - 5: url = url[:amp] url += "..." if len(url) >= len(before_clip): url = before_clip else: # full url is visible on mouse-over (for those who don't # have a status bar, such as Safari by default) params += ' title="%s"' % href return '<a href="%s"%s>%s</a>' % (href, params, url) # First HTML-escape so that our strings are all safe. # The regex is modified to avoid character entites other than & so # that we won't pick up ", etc. text = _unicode(xhtml_escape(text)) return _URL_RE.sub(make_link, text) def _convert_entity(m: typing.Match) -> str: if m.group(1) == "#": try: if m.group(2)[:1].lower() == "x": return chr(int(m.group(2)[1:], 16)) else: return chr(int(m.group(2))) except ValueError: return "&#%s;" % m.group(2) try: return _HTML_UNICODE_MAP[m.group(2)] except KeyError: return "&%s;" % m.group(2) def _build_unicode_map() -> Dict[str, str]: unicode_map = {} for name, value in html.entities.name2codepoint.items(): unicode_map[name] = chr(value) return unicode_map _HTML_UNICODE_MAP = _build_unicode_map()