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591 lines
21 KiB
Python
591 lines
21 KiB
Python
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# engine/reflection.py
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# Copyright (C) 2005-2014 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
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#
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# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
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# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
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"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.
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Usage Notes:
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Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
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methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.
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1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
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reasons:
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* They're both standard types that can be serialized.
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* Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
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* Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
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with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).
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2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
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use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
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'name' attribute..
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"""
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from .. import exc, sql
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from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
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from .. import util
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from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
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from ..util import deprecated
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from ..util import topological
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from .. import inspection
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from .base import Connectable
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@util.decorator
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def cache(fn, self, con, *args, **kw):
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info_cache = kw.get('info_cache', None)
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if info_cache is None:
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return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
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key = (
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fn.__name__,
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tuple(a for a in args if isinstance(a, util.string_types)),
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tuple((k, v) for k, v in kw.items() if
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isinstance(v,
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util.string_types + util.int_types + (float, )
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)
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)
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)
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ret = info_cache.get(key)
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if ret is None:
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ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
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info_cache[key] = ret
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return ret
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class Inspector(object):
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"""Performs database schema inspection.
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The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
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consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
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fetched metadata.
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A :class:`.Inspector` object is usually created via the
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:func:`.inspect` function::
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from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
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engine = create_engine('...')
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insp = inspect(engine)
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The inspection method above is equivalent to using the
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:meth:`.Inspector.from_engine` method, i.e.::
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engine = create_engine('...')
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insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
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Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` may opt
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to return an :class:`.Inspector` subclass that provides additional
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methods specific to the dialect's target database.
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"""
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def __init__(self, bind):
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"""Initialize a new :class:`.Inspector`.
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:param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
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which is typically an instance of
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
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For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`.Inspector`, see
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:meth:`.Inspector.from_engine`
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"""
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# this might not be a connection, it could be an engine.
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self.bind = bind
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# set the engine
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if hasattr(bind, 'engine'):
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self.engine = bind.engine
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else:
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self.engine = bind
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if self.engine is bind:
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# if engine, ensure initialized
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bind.connect().close()
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self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
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self.info_cache = {}
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@classmethod
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def from_engine(cls, bind):
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"""Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
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engine or connection.
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:param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
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which is typically an instance of
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
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This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
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:class:`.Inspector` in that the
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
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provide a dialect-specific :class:`.Inspector` instance, which may
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provide additional methods.
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See the example at :class:`.Inspector`.
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"""
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if hasattr(bind.dialect, 'inspector'):
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return bind.dialect.inspector(bind)
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return Inspector(bind)
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@inspection._inspects(Connectable)
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def _insp(bind):
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return Inspector.from_engine(bind)
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@property
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def default_schema_name(self):
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"""Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
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for the current engine's database user.
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E.g. this is typically ``public`` for Postgresql and ``dbo``
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for SQL Server.
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"""
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return self.dialect.default_schema_name
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def get_schema_names(self):
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"""Return all schema names.
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"""
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if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_schema_names'):
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return self.dialect.get_schema_names(self.bind,
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info_cache=self.info_cache)
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return []
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def get_table_names(self, schema=None, order_by=None):
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"""Return all table names in referred to within a particular schema.
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The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
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Views are instead returned using the :meth:`.Inspector.get_view_names`
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method.
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:param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
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database's default schema is
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used, else the named schema is searched. If the database does not
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support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
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passed as ``None``. For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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:param order_by: Optional, may be the string "foreign_key" to sort
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the result on foreign key dependencies.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.8 the "foreign_key" sorting sorts tables
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in order of dependee to dependent; that is, in creation
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order, rather than in drop order. This is to maintain
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consistency with similar features such as
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:attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` and :func:`.util.sort_tables`.
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.. seealso::
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:attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables`
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"""
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if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_names'):
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tnames = self.dialect.get_table_names(self.bind,
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schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
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else:
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tnames = self.engine.table_names(schema)
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if order_by == 'foreign_key':
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tuples = []
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for tname in tnames:
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for fkey in self.get_foreign_keys(tname, schema):
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if tname != fkey['referred_table']:
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tuples.append((fkey['referred_table'], tname))
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tnames = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
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return tnames
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def get_table_options(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
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given name was created.
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This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL tables.
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:param table_name: string name of the table. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
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of the database connection. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_options'):
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return self.dialect.get_table_options(
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self.bind, table_name, schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
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return {}
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def get_view_names(self, schema=None):
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"""Return all view names in `schema`.
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:param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
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For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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return self.dialect.get_view_names(self.bind, schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache)
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def get_view_definition(self, view_name, schema=None):
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"""Return definition for `view_name`.
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:param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
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For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
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self.bind, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
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def get_columns(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return information about columns in `table_name`.
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Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
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column information as a list of dicts with these keys:
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name
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the column's name
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type
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
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nullable
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boolean
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default
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the column's default value
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attrs
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dict containing optional column attributes
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:param table_name: string name of the table. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
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of the database connection. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(self.bind, table_name, schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache,
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**kw)
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for col_def in col_defs:
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# make this easy and only return instances for coltype
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coltype = col_def['type']
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if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
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col_def['type'] = coltype()
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return col_defs
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@deprecated('0.7', 'Call to deprecated method get_primary_keys.'
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' Use get_pk_constraint instead.')
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def get_primary_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return information about primary keys in `table_name`.
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Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
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primary key information as a list of column names.
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"""
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return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(self.bind, table_name, schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache,
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**kw)['constrained_columns']
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def get_pk_constraint(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return information about primary key constraint on `table_name`.
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Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
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primary key information as a dictionary with these keys:
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constrained_columns
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a list of column names that make up the primary key
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name
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optional name of the primary key constraint.
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:param table_name: string name of the table. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
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of the database connection. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(self.bind, table_name, schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache,
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**kw)
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def get_foreign_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.
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Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
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foreign key information as a list of dicts with these keys:
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constrained_columns
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a list of column names that make up the foreign key
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referred_schema
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the name of the referred schema
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referred_table
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the name of the referred table
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referred_columns
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a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
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constrained_columns
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name
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optional name of the foreign key constraint.
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:param table_name: string name of the table. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
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of the database connection. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(self.bind, table_name, schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache,
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**kw)
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def get_indexes(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return information about indexes in `table_name`.
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Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
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index information as a list of dicts with these keys:
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name
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the index's name
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column_names
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list of column names in order
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unique
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boolean
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:param table_name: string name of the table. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
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of the database connection. For special quoting,
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use :class:`.quoted_name`.
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"""
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return self.dialect.get_indexes(self.bind, table_name,
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schema,
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info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
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def get_unique_constraints(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
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"""Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.
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Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
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unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
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name
|
||
|
|
the unique constraint's name
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
column_names
|
||
|
|
list of column names in order
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
:param table_name: string name of the table. For special quoting,
|
||
|
|
use :class:`.quoted_name`.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
|
||
|
|
of the database connection. For special quoting,
|
||
|
|
use :class:`.quoted_name`.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.8.4
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
|
||
|
|
self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def reflecttable(self, table, include_columns, exclude_columns=()):
|
||
|
|
"""Given a Table object, load its internal constructs based on
|
||
|
|
introspection.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
|
||
|
|
table reflection. Direct usage is like::
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
|
||
|
|
from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
engine = create_engine('...')
|
||
|
|
meta = MetaData()
|
||
|
|
user_table = Table('user', meta)
|
||
|
|
insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
|
||
|
|
insp.reflecttable(user_table, None)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
:param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
|
||
|
|
:param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
|
||
|
|
in the reflection process. If ``None``, all columns are reflected.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
dialect = self.bind.dialect
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
schema = table.schema
|
||
|
|
table_name = table.name
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# get table-level arguments that are specifically
|
||
|
|
# intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
|
||
|
|
# these are unconditionally passed to related Table
|
||
|
|
# objects
|
||
|
|
reflection_options = dict(
|
||
|
|
(k, table.dialect_kwargs.get(k))
|
||
|
|
for k in dialect.reflection_options
|
||
|
|
if k in table.dialect_kwargs
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# reflect table options, like mysql_engine
|
||
|
|
tbl_opts = self.get_table_options(table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
|
||
|
|
if tbl_opts:
|
||
|
|
# add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
|
||
|
|
# returned them
|
||
|
|
table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if util.py2k:
|
||
|
|
if isinstance(schema, str):
|
||
|
|
schema = schema.decode(dialect.encoding)
|
||
|
|
if isinstance(table_name, str):
|
||
|
|
table_name = table_name.decode(dialect.encoding)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
found_table = False
|
||
|
|
cols_by_orig_name = {}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
for col_d in self.get_columns(table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs):
|
||
|
|
found_table = True
|
||
|
|
orig_name = col_d['name']
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
name = col_d['name']
|
||
|
|
if include_columns and name not in include_columns:
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
if exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns:
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
coltype = col_d['type']
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
col_kw = dict(
|
||
|
|
(k, col_d[k])
|
||
|
|
for k in ['nullable', 'autoincrement', 'quote', 'info', 'key']
|
||
|
|
if k in col_d
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
colargs = []
|
||
|
|
if col_d.get('default') is not None:
|
||
|
|
# the "default" value is assumed to be a literal SQL
|
||
|
|
# expression, so is wrapped in text() so that no quoting
|
||
|
|
# occurs on re-issuance.
|
||
|
|
colargs.append(
|
||
|
|
sa_schema.DefaultClause(
|
||
|
|
sql.text(col_d['default']), _reflected=True
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if 'sequence' in col_d:
|
||
|
|
# TODO: mssql and sybase are using this.
|
||
|
|
seq = col_d['sequence']
|
||
|
|
sequence = sa_schema.Sequence(seq['name'], 1, 1)
|
||
|
|
if 'start' in seq:
|
||
|
|
sequence.start = seq['start']
|
||
|
|
if 'increment' in seq:
|
||
|
|
sequence.increment = seq['increment']
|
||
|
|
colargs.append(sequence)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = \
|
||
|
|
sa_schema.Column(name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if col.key in table.primary_key:
|
||
|
|
col.primary_key = True
|
||
|
|
table.append_column(col)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if not found_table:
|
||
|
|
raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table.name)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
pk_cons = self.get_pk_constraint(table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
|
||
|
|
if pk_cons:
|
||
|
|
pk_cols = [
|
||
|
|
cols_by_orig_name[pk]
|
||
|
|
for pk in pk_cons['constrained_columns']
|
||
|
|
if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# update pk constraint name
|
||
|
|
table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get('name')
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
|
||
|
|
# it's column collection
|
||
|
|
table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
fkeys = self.get_foreign_keys(table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
|
||
|
|
for fkey_d in fkeys:
|
||
|
|
conname = fkey_d['name']
|
||
|
|
# look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
|
||
|
|
# but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
|
||
|
|
constrained_columns = [
|
||
|
|
cols_by_orig_name[c].key
|
||
|
|
if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
|
||
|
|
for c in fkey_d['constrained_columns']
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
if exclude_columns and set(constrained_columns).intersection(
|
||
|
|
exclude_columns):
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
referred_schema = fkey_d['referred_schema']
|
||
|
|
referred_table = fkey_d['referred_table']
|
||
|
|
referred_columns = fkey_d['referred_columns']
|
||
|
|
refspec = []
|
||
|
|
if referred_schema is not None:
|
||
|
|
sa_schema.Table(referred_table, table.metadata,
|
||
|
|
autoload=True, schema=referred_schema,
|
||
|
|
autoload_with=self.bind,
|
||
|
|
**reflection_options
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
for column in referred_columns:
|
||
|
|
refspec.append(".".join(
|
||
|
|
[referred_schema, referred_table, column]))
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
sa_schema.Table(referred_table, table.metadata, autoload=True,
|
||
|
|
autoload_with=self.bind,
|
||
|
|
**reflection_options
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
for column in referred_columns:
|
||
|
|
refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
|
||
|
|
if 'options' in fkey_d:
|
||
|
|
options = fkey_d['options']
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
options = {}
|
||
|
|
table.append_constraint(
|
||
|
|
sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(constrained_columns, refspec,
|
||
|
|
conname, link_to_name=True,
|
||
|
|
**options))
|
||
|
|
# Indexes
|
||
|
|
indexes = self.get_indexes(table_name, schema)
|
||
|
|
for index_d in indexes:
|
||
|
|
name = index_d['name']
|
||
|
|
columns = index_d['column_names']
|
||
|
|
unique = index_d['unique']
|
||
|
|
flavor = index_d.get('type', 'unknown type')
|
||
|
|
if include_columns and \
|
||
|
|
not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
|
||
|
|
util.warn(
|
||
|
|
"Omitting %s KEY for (%s), key covers omitted columns." %
|
||
|
|
(flavor, ', '.join(columns)))
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
# look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
|
||
|
|
# but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
|
||
|
|
sa_schema.Index(name, *[
|
||
|
|
cols_by_orig_name[c] if c in cols_by_orig_name
|
||
|
|
else table.c[c]
|
||
|
|
for c in columns
|
||
|
|
],
|
||
|
|
**dict(unique=unique))
|